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Noise
Source
Channel
Receiver
Message
Context
Feedback
Model of the Communication Process
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Six Types ofHuman Communication

• Intrapersonal
• Interpersonal
• Small Group
• Public Speaking
• Mass
• Mediated

• One person
• Two people
• Three to ?
• One to many
• One to many
• One to one/group

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Interpersonalaxioms

• Grounded in theory and research
• One cannot NOT communicate
• Irreversible
• Interdependant
• Content and Relational
• Continuous (past, present, future)
• Need not be face to face

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InterpersonalAxioms

• Transactional
• Prior to 1920s Linear
• After, Interactional
• More realistic is transactional

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Culture

• A groups specialized values, beliefs, artifacts,
  ways of behaving and communicating passed through
  communication, not genetics

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Learning Cultures

• Enculturation learning the culture into which
  you were born (through parents, peers, schools,
  religion, government, media, internet, etc.)
• Acculturation learning a culture different from
  your native culture (mutual influence occurs)
• Ethnocentrism the belief ones culture is
  superior to that of others cultures
• Stereotypes a fixed impression of a person or
  group of people based mainly on physical
  characteristics

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Communication Styles

• Low Context
• majority of information carried in explicit
  verbal messages, with less focus on the
  situational context.
• Self-expression valued. Communicators state
  opinions and desires directly and strive to
  persuade others to accept their own viewpoint.
• Clear, eloquent speech considered praiseworthy.
  Verbal fluency admired.

• High Context
• Important information carried in contextual cues
  time, place relationship, situation. Less
  reliance on explicit verbal messages.
• Communicators abstain from saying no directly
• Communicators talk around the point allowing
  others to fill in the missing pieces. Ambiguity
  and use of silence is admired.

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Individualistic and Collectivist Cultures

• Individualistic Cultures
• Self is separate, unique individual independent,
  self-sufficient.
• Individual take care of themselves/family
• many flexible group memberships friends based on
  shared interests activities.
• Reward individual achievement initiative
  individual decision encouraged, credit/ blame
  assigned individually

• Collectivist Cultures
• People belong to extended families we or group
  orientation.
• Cares for extended family before self.
• Emphasis on belonging to a very few permanent
  in-groups with strong influence over person.
• Rewards contribution to group goals well-being
  cooperation with in-group members group
  decisions valued credit/ blame shared.

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Perception Process

• Select
• Organize
• Identify
• Classify
• Infer/interpret

• Factors
• Physical characteristics
• Education
• Religion
• Media

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Communication and the Self

• Self Concept
• A relatively stable set of perceptions one holds
  about oneself.

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Different Aspects ofSelf Concept

• Self-esteem
• Self-awareness
• Self-actualization
• Ideal Self
• Real Self
• Reflected Appraisal
• Social Comparison

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Self-Disclosure

• Revealing information about ones self to others
  that they could not know otherwise.
• Factors influencing
• Time of
• Age
• Gender
• Ethnicity
• Topic
• Relationship
• Valence

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Reasons for Self-Awareness

• Self-awareness is imperative to maintain because
  it directly affects personal and professional
  development (Gail Williams)
• Those that feel socially excluded try to dodge
  self awareness by not looking into a mirror.
  (Jean M. Twenge Kathleen R. Catanese Roy F.
  Baumeister.)

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Increase Your Self-Awareness

• Who am I? test

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Who am I? Developed by Bugental and Zelen

• I am(15-20 times)

• Strengths
• Tall
• Funny
• Athletic

• Weaknesses
• Skinny
• stubborn
• Broken hand

• Self Improvement Goals

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Increase Your Self-Awareness

• Who am I? test
• Listen to Others
• Seek Information

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Listen to Others

• Listen Learn from feedback
• Those struggling to define themselves crave
  others' feedback to help enhance their
  self-awareness, whereas those with a strong
  identity rely less on feedback They can
  reinterpret, reject or accept information based
  on their own coherent sense of self." (Le
  Tourneau )

Seek Information

• Actively engage in asking about what others
  thinkin moderation

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Increase Your Self-Awareness

• Who am I? test
• Listen to Others
• Seek Information
• Realize your Self dimensions
• Try to expand your Open Self

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Increase Open Self

• Self disclosure
• Blind and Hidden self will reduce, resulting in
  overall better communication.

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The Johari Window

• http//www.augsburg.edu/education/edc210/images/ov
  erall.jpeg

Model representing self, developed by Joseph Luft
and Harry Ingham
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Self-Esteem

• How much do you like yourself ?
• How much would you say you are worth?
• How capable do you think you are ?

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Self-Esteem is . . .

• Your self evaluation
• The value you place on yourself

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Strategies to Build Self-Esteem

• Attack you Self-Destructive Beliefs
• Engage in Self-Affirmation
• Seek Out Nourishing People
• Work on Goals That Will Result in Success

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Self-Destructive Beliefs

• Beliefs that damage your self-esteem and prevent
  you from forming positive relationships.
• Steps towards elimination
• Recognize your internalized self-destructive
  beliefs
• Realize that these beliefs are unrealistic and
  self-defeating (Ellis)

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Self-Affirmation

• Remind yourself that you have succeeded
• (Aronson, Cohen, and Nail 1998)
• Examples of self-affirming phrases
• I can live a nurturing, exciting, and creative
  life.
• I can accept imperfection.
• My world is safe and friendly.
• (From Gathering Through Insight and Love by Keyes)

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Seek Out Nourishing People

• Noxious people offer negative criticism
• Nourishing people are positive and optimistic
• (Rogers)

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Success Will Build Self-Esteem

• CHALLENGE YOURSELF with goals that will result in
  success
• Failure does not mean you are a failure. Failure
  is a learning experience you can grow from.

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Benefits of High Self-Esteem

• better performance
• more likely to succeed
• will develop lasting and meaningful relationships
• learn from mistakes
• build solid foundations

(Devito)
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Listening
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NonverbalCommunication

• Kinesics
• Emblems
• Illustrators
• Regulators
• Adaptors
• Affect displays
• Proxemics
• Chronemics
• Haptics

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NonverbalCommunication

• Silence
• Clothing
• Jewelry
• Body adornments
• Eye contact
• Color
• Artifacts
• Paralanguage

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Nonverbal Communication
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What is nonverbal communication?
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Nonverbal Communication

• Communication without words communication by
  means of space, gestures, facial expressions,
  touching, vocal variation, and silence for
  example (DeVito)

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Why do we have nonverbal communication?