Globalization of Culture as Heterogenization

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Globalization of Culture as Heterogenization
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Last two weeks

• Globalization of culture as homogenization.
• Globalization of culture as a process of
  localization.
• In passing Globalization of culture as a process
  of heterogenization.
• Today
• Globalization of culture as a motivator of
  diversity.
• Globalization of culture as an opportunity for
  diversity.

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The Clash of Civilizations, S. Huntington.

• 1989-90, end of the Cold War.
• G.H.W Bush New World Order.
• F. Fukuyama The End of History
• 1991-92, War in Yugoslavia breaks out.
• Transition to democracy turns into ethnic hatred.
• Differing views from West and Slavic East.

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Clash of Civilizations, contd.

• Key point interaction doesnt lead to tolerance,
  it can lead to accentuated difference.
• Main Thesis weve moved from cold war to war
  between civilizations.
• Six reasons
• Civilizations are the product of centuries and
  are durable.
• World is becoming smaller interaction
  accentuates difference.
• Economic modernization separates people from
  identities, religion fills gap.
• De-Westernization of elites.
• Cultural differences cant be negotiated.
• Common culture is motivating regional econ.
  Integration.

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Convinced?

• Territory a plausible unit of distinction?
• Western presence throughout the world.
• Non-Western presence throughout the West.

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Jihad vs. McWorld (Bernard Barber)

• Jihad (Islamic holy war) a world of parochial
  hatreds, identity based on blood, works for a
  retribalization of the world. Against
  interdependence (i.e. globalization).
• McWorld a world of globalizing markets, profits,
  technology, and fantasy theme parks. (p.29).

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Jihad vs. McWorld contd.

• Distinction is not spatial. They work
  side-by-side (p.30).
• Both undermine the nation-state and democracy
  (p.31).
• They work together
• McWorld motivates Jihad
• McWorld facilitates Jihad (p.33).
• E.g. 9/11 hijackers migrants who travelled all
  over the place, kept in touch by e-mail,
  celphone, internet.

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Key terms

• Heterogeneous Diverse in Character, varied in
  content. (Heterogenize make diverse in
  character, make varied in content.
  Heterogenization the process of making diverse
  in character and varied in content).

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Traveling beyond local cultures

• Diverse London neighborhood.
• P.133
• P.137
• London Underground bombings

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A Venezuelan in Athens

• 20-30 Venezuelan friends
• Internet
• Sattelite dish
• Cheap international phone calls
• Affordable flights
• International markets

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Indigenous movements in Latin America

• Allison Brysk, From Tribal Village to Global
  Village.
• What to do with indigenous populations.
• Assimilationist view modern state needs to
  assimilate population into homogenous nation,
  therefore, for indigenous groups to overcome
  poverty, they need to adjust into dominant
  culture.
• Identity view modern state needs to respect the
  rights of minorities, and permitting them to
  preserve there heritage is the best way for them
  to prosper.

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Brysk, contd.

• Most countries have opted for assimilationism.
• Result centuries of conflict, poverty.
• 1980s-90s indigenous activists and movements
  become formidable force in Latin America

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3 Cases of Indigenous Success

• Rigoberta Menchu Guatemalan Indian who protests
  human rights abuses internationally dressed in
  traditional indian dress. Eventually wins Nobel
  Prize.
• Chiapas Zapatista rebels rise against Mexican
  State, use internet and mass media to gain
  international support.
• Ecuadorian Indians bring down two presidents
  Amazonian Indians sue Chevron-Texaco for 1
  Billion in US Federal Court. Plaintiff wears
  guayuco.

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Indigenous Political Success contd.

• In each case
• Feel their way of life is jeopardized by local or
  global forces.
• Gained power through global allies.
• Gained global allies through media, travel and
  identity-work.

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More on Latin American Indians

• Guatemalan weavers that cant support themselves.
• Maryknoll nuns create cooperative to export their
  weavings.
• Guatemalan weavers can preserve their way of life.

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More examples

• The Lau of Malaita?
• House of culture.
• Cultural preservation?

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Heterogenization

• It is the facilitation and creation of difference
  more than preservation of difference.
• Process can work beyond native cultures

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Two components of heterogenization

• Global homogenization generates and motivates the
  reflection and reaffirmation of identities.
• Global travel and communications facilitate the
  creation of relational community rather than
  spatial community.
• Another way of stating this.
• Globalization as a threat. (mobilizes non-McWorld
  cultures).
• Globalization as an opportunity. (facilitates
  continuation and extension of non-McWorld
  cultures).

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Next week quiz on global tourism video

• Describe the where you see the following
  phenomena in the video
• Homogenization of culture through globalization.
• Localization of culture through globalization.
• Heterogenization of culture through globalization.

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Plan for next two weeks

• No reading for next two weeks.
• Do all of the research on your paper.
• Organize your research notes and find relevant
  texts in our books.
• Develop an outline of your paper.
• Start putting together a preliminary draft.
• Come to class Dec.3 ready to listen and asked
  focused questions.