Happy New Year

1
Happy New Year
Bonne Année
2
Merry Christmas
Joyeux Noël
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Quiz 2 - Translation
??????????(Ocean ridges then there were three)
???????????????????????????????,???? ???????????
????????????????????????? ????????,???????????????
???????????? ???????????(?????)????,?????????????
????????12??????????????????????????? ???????,????
???????????????? (Articles, p. 405 News and
Views)
?? mechanism ???? sea-floor spreading ????
spreading rate ????? Arctic Ridge ??????
ultraslow spreading ridge ???? mantle
upwelling ??? co-existing ???? magmatic accretion
or addition ???? accretionary boundary
4
?????????? New mechanism for the formation of
ocean ridges ???????????????????????????????,????
??????????????? Recent observations (or A recent
observation) in the most remote and least
accessible ocean floor may have (significantly)
changed the current viewpoint (or hypothesis) on
(about) the mechanism of sea-floor spreading.
5
????????????????????? ????????,???????????????????
?? During the investigation (or excursion) in the
Southwest Indian Ocean and Arctic Ridges, (both
of) which are known for their very slow
spreading, (the) scientists have discovered
another type of ocean ridge which is not known
heretofore (before).
6
?????????????????(?????)????,?????????????????????
12????????? With respect to the mechanism, the
formation of ultraslow spreading ridges is
completely different from that of the other two
(well-)known types - fast and slow spreading
ridges. The ultraslow spreading ridges were
produced (or formed) when the effective spreading
induced by the mantle upwelling was slowed down
to (a rate of) 12 mm/yr.
7
?????????????????????????,???????????????????? The
se ultraslow spreading ridges comprise (or
contain, consist of, include) the two co-existing
components (or parts) of magmatic and
non-magmatic accretion. The latter is an
accretionary boundary structure (or complex)
which is unrecognized until the present.
8
Complete translation
New mechanism for the formation of ocean
ridges Recent observations in the most remote
and least accessible ocean floor may have
significantly changed the current viewpoint on
the mechanism of sea-floor spreading. During the
investigation in the Southwest Indian Ocean and
Arctic Ridges, both of which are known for their
very slow spreading, scientists have discovered
another type of ocean ridge which is not known in
the past. With respect to the mechanism, the
formation of ultraslow spreading ridges is
completely different from that of the other two
known types - fast and slow spreading ridges. The
ultraslow spreading ridges were formed when the
effective spreading induced by the mantle
upwelling was slowed down to 12 mm/yr. These
ultraslow spreading ridges comprise the two
co-existing components of magmatic and
non-magmatic accretion. The latter is an
accretionary boundary structure which is
unrecognized until the present.
9
OnLine English
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authors often acknowledge an increase in their
understanding of English usage.
10
Company documents
Before (original document) First of all,
personal computer supply to the public has
increased up to 5 million sets such that about
one out of two families in xxxxx has a personal
computer. About 20 of those personal computers
are interconnected to the public
telecommunication system so as to utilize PC
on-line service. Moreover, domestic subscription
of the Internet, the worldwide computer
communication network, is continuously
increasing. As a result, the PC communication is
becoming a necessary tool providing the new realm
of life.
11
First of all, personal computer supply to the
public has increased up to 5 million sets such
that about one out of two families in xxxxx has a
personal computer. About 20 of those personal
computers are interconnected to the public
telecommunication system so as to utilize PC
on-line service. Moreover, domestic subscription
of the Internet, the worldwide computer
communication network, is continuously
increasing. As a result, the PC communication is
becoming a necessary tool providing the new realm
of life. After First of all, the number of
personal computers (PCs) supplied to the public
has increased to five million sets, so that about
one in every two families in xxxxx has a personal
computer. About 20 per cent of these are
interconnected via the public telecommunication
system so as to utilize PC on-line services.
Moreover, domestic subscriptions to the Internet,
the worldwide computer communication network, are
constantly increasing. As a result, PC-based
communication is becoming a necessary tool,
creating new realms in daily life.
12
Biotechnology
Before Obviously, the results from the
experiments with single strain ( ancestry,
family) of yeast and the bacteria in the defined
culture broth could not be compared that of
multiple species of yeasts and thermophilic bacter
ia in extremely complex material such as food
waste. However, our data provided indirect
evidence for the mechanism of stimulation of
thermophilic bacteria by growing yeasts.
13
Before Obviously, the results from the
experiments with single strain of yeast and the
bacteria in the defined culture broth could not
be compared that of multiple species of yeasts
and thermophilic bacteria in extremely complex
material such as food waste. However, our data
provided indirect evidence for the mechanism of
stimulation of thermophilic bacteria by growing
yeasts. After Obviously, the results from the
experiments with single strains of yeast and
bacteria in the defined culture broth can hardly
be compared with all the interactions between
multiple species of yeasts and thermophilic
bacteria in an extremely complex material such as
food waste. However, our data did provide
indirect evidence for the mechanism of
stimulation of thermophilic bacteria by growing
yeasts.
14
Computer science
Before During the all development phases of
software system life-cycle, it is a inevitable
phenomenon that many documents that retains many
relationship to others would be generated.
Furthermore, because of the evolutionary nature
of the software development process, each
document must exist in a number of versions.
Keeping track of relationship between versions of
different documents is a major source of problems
to those involved in software engineering.
15
Before During the all development phases of
software system life-cycle, it is a inevitable
phenomenon that many documents that retains many
relationship to others would be generated.
Furthermore, because of the evolutionary nature
of the software development process, each
document must exist in a number of versions.
Keeping track of relationship between versions of
different documents is a major source of problems
to those involved in software engineering. After
During development phases in the life-cycles of
software systems, the generation of a number of
documents retaining relationships to others is an
inevitable phenomenon. Furthermore, because of
the evolutionary nature of the software
development process, each document exists in a
number of versions. Keeping track of
relationships between versions of different
documents is a major problem for software
engineers.
16
Effects of climate
While there is wide generality of freezing injury
mechanism, there are also exceptions on the cause
of freezing injury depending upon species
chilling sensitive materials may be injured prior
to freezing if slow rate of cooling is applied,
some of animal cells are sensitive to dehydration
itself at lesser degrees that do not yet bring
close approach of membranes, some bacterial
materials adapt equilibrium freezing by avoiding
close approach of membranes but are injured by
effect of concentrated solution during prolonged
cryopreservation, and some tissues of higher
plants are injured by intracellular freezing by
breakdown of supercooling even after freezing by
extremely slow rate of cooling.
17
While there is wide generality of freezing injury
mechanism, there are also exceptions on the cause
of freezing injury depending upon species
chilling sensitive materials may be injured prior
to freezing if slow rate of cooling is applied,
some of animal cells are sensitive to dehydration
itself at lesser degrees that do not yet bring
close approach of membranes, some bacterial
materials adapt equilibrium freezing by avoiding
close approach of membranes but are injured by
effect of concentrated solution during prolonged
cryopreservation, and some tissues of higher
plants are injured by intracellular freezing by
breakdown of supercooling even after freezing by
extremely slow rate of cooling. While this
freezing injury mechanism is widespread, there
are also other causes of freezing injury
depending upon the species involved
chill-sensitive materials may be injured prior to
freezing if a slow rate of cooling is applied
some animal cells are sensitive to dehydration at
temperatures that do not result in the close
approach of membranes some bacterial materials
adapt to equilibrium freezing by avoiding the
close approach of membranes, but are injured by
the effect of the concentrated solution used
during prolonged cryopreservation some tissues
of higher plants are injured by intracellular
freezing as a result of the breakdown of
supercooling, even after freezing using an
extremely slow rate of cooling.
18
Electrical engineering
Before This paper presents a method which aims
at these points. Here, especially, the component
of rule generation is discussed which bases on a
special evolutionary concept. The rule base is
generated by an incremental collecting of
individual rules. The structure of the rules is
flexible by a free number of linguistic
statements in the premises ( argument,
hypothesis). Negations in the premise are
possible. Beside positive rules also negative
rules are generated which warn of or forbid
certain output values.
19
Before This paper presents a method which aims
at these points. Here, especially, the component
of rule generation is discussed which bases on a
special evolutionary concept. The rule base is
generated by an incremental collecting of
individual rules. The structure of the rules is
flexible by a free number of linguistic
statements in the premises. Negations in the
premise are possible. Beside positive rules also
negative rules are generated which warn of or
forbid certain output values. After This paper
presents a method that aims to address these
points. The rule generation component in
particular is discussed and is based on a special
evolutionary concept. The rule base is generated
by the incremental collection of individual
rules. The structure of the rules is flexible
using a free number of linguistic statements in
the premise. Negations in the premise are
possible. Positive rules as well as negative
rules are generated, which warn of or forbid
certain output values.
20
Mechanical engineering
In this case, conventional cutting tool
materials such as high speed steel and tungsten
carbide can not machine above materials in the
sense of cutting tool life, and grinding process
is used for finish machining. By changing
to hard turning, the elimination of subsequent
grinding may result in productivity increases of
several times. Particularly, cutting tools in CNC
lathes can be used for a variety of different
machining tasks and complex geometrical profiles
compared to formed grinding wheel. Good surface
integrity of machined parts is another
consideration of hard turning. Geometric accuracy
is very high and surface roughness is less than
1.0 . The residual stresses occurred by hard
turning may be expected to lie within the
compressive range that is more favorable.
Therefore, the wear resistance in automobile
parts applied by fatigue load is increased due to
compressive stress 2-3. However, cutting tool
is subjected to the extremes of stress and
temperature. Thus, tool life is shorten due to
the mechanical and thermal stresses as well as
chemical reactions.
21
In this case, conventional cutting tool
materials such as high speed steel and tungsten
carbide can not machine above materials in the
sense of cutting tool life, and grinding process
is used for finish machining. By changing
to hard turning, the elimination of subsequent
grinding may result in productivity increases of
several times. Particularly, cutting tools in CNC
lathes can be used for a variety of different
machining tasks and complex geometrical profiles
compared to formed grinding wheel. Good surface
integrity of machined parts is another
consideration of hard turning. Geometric accuracy
is very high and surface roughness is less than
1.0 . The residual stresses occurred by hard
turning may be expected to lie within the
compressive range that is more favorable.
Therefore, the wear resistance in automobile
parts applied by fatigue load is increased due to
compressive stress 2-3. However, cutting tool
is subjected to the extremes of stress and
temperature. Thus, tool life is shorten due to
the mechanical and thermal stresses as well as
chemical reactions. Conventional cutting
tool materials, such as high-speed steel and
tungsten carbide, are unsuitable for machining
hardened materials because of reduced cutting
tool life, and a grinding process is used for
finish machining. With a change to hard
turning, the elimination of subsequent grinding
may increase productivity several times.
Moreover, cutting tools in CNC lathes can be used
for a wider variety of machining tasks and
complex geometrical profiles, compared to a
formed grinding wheel. Good surface integrity of
machined parts is another consideration in favour
of hard turning. Geometric accuracy is very high
and surface roughness is less than 1.0. The
residual stresses incurred by hard turning may be
expected to lie within the compressive range,
which is more favourable for example, in
automobile parts under fatigue load, wear
resistance is increased due to compressive stress
2-3. However, in hard turning the cutting tool
is subjected to extremes of stress and
temperature. Thus, tool life is shortened due to
high mechanical and thermal stresses as well as
accelerated chemical reactions.
22
Medicine
This study attempted to determine the effect and
optimal application time of lidocaine tape
(xxxxxxxx xxxxx) for blood withdrawal. Blood was
withdrawn from veins in antecubital fossa of 8
healthy volunteers with 19 gauge butterfly
needles for 3 to 6 times with longer than 14 day
interval. The patch was not applied before the
first withdrawal, but applied before other
withdrawals for 30, 60, 90, or 120 minutes.
Visual analog scores (VAS) during venepuncture
(T1) and needle withdrawal (T3) inversely related
to the duration of patch, but not did that of
blood withdrawal (T2).
23
This study attempted to determine the effect and
optimal application time of lidocaine tape
(xxxxxxxx xxxxx) for blood withdrawal. Blood was
withdrawn from veins in antecubital fossa of 8
healthy volunteers with 19 gauge butterfly
needles for 3 to 6 times with longer than 14 day
interval. The patch was not applied before the
first withdrawal, but applied before other
withdrawals for 30, 60, 90, or 120 minutes.
Visual analog scores (VAS) during venepuncture
(T1) and needle withdrawal (T3) inversely related
to the duration of patch, but not did that of
blood withdrawal (T2). This study attempted to
determine the effect and optimal application time
of lidocaine tape (xxxxxxx xxxxx) for blood
withdrawal. Blood was withdrawn 3 to 6 times at
intervals of greater than 14 days from veins in
the antecubital fossa of 8 healthy volunteers
using a 19-gauge butterfly needle. The patch was
not applied before the first withdrawal, but
applied before each of the other withdrawals for
30, 60, 90, or 120 minutes. Visual analog scores
(VAS) during venipuncture (T1) and needle
withdrawal (T3) were inversely related to the
duration of patch application, but the duration
of patch application did not affect the VAS
during blood withdrawal (T2).
24
Pharmacology
Sulfate conjugation generally results in a
decrease of biological activity and increase of
excretion rate of the acceptor compound. In
several cases, however, sulfation enhances the
activity of compounds, such as cholecystokinin
(8), hirudin (21), and the antihypertensive agent
minoxidil (6).
25
Before Sulfate conjugation generally results in
a decrease of biological activity and increase of
excretion rate of the acceptor compound. In
several cases, however, sulfation enhances the
activity of compounds, such as cholecystokinin
(8), hirudin (21), and the antihypertensive agent
minoxidil (6). After Sulfate conjugation
generally results in a decrease in biological
activity and an increase in the excretion rate of
the acceptor compound. In several cases, however,
sulfation enhances the activity of compounds such
as cholecystokinin (8), hirudin (21), and the
antihypertensive agent, minoxidil (6).