Lt Colonel Eberhard Boehm

1
Military aspects on the use of Mode S and Mode S
related Systems

• Lt Colonel Eberhard Boehm
• German Air Force Command
• ID Surveillance
• PB. 90 61 10/50 4/06
• 51127 Köln
• Tel. [phone] Fax. [phone]
• e-mail EberhardBoehm_at_bundeswehr.org

2
Structure

• Military Operational Requirements on
  Identification
• Conflict areas identified due to the civil use of
  Mode S
• Improvements of military systems using Mode S
• Military Mode S Architecture
• Military applications for Mode S based Systems

3
NATO Military Operational Requirement (MOR) on
Identification

Aircraft IFF
Fighter Bomber
Fighter Aircraft
Air/Ship to Ground ID
Ground ID System
Close Air Support
Mode S
Anti-Tank Helicopter
FO/FAC
Warship
Long Range Surveillance
Ground Vehicle
SAM
4
Civil Mode S Traffic Scenarios
3700
Mode S
Conspicuity Code 3700
3700
FL 100
3700
Mode 3/A
2711
3711
4711
GND
ASR
ASR
ASR
complete Mode S flightpath Conspicuity Code 3/A
Group Code
Mode 3A/ Mode S flightpath 3/A Group
Code Conspicuity Code
Mode 3A flightpath
Source DFS Deutsche Flugsicherung GmbH FPS-1,
S. Halle, 19.10.2000
5
IFF 3/A- versus Mode S Interrogation Capability


3700
LH 123
4711
3700
BA 5643
3700
GAF 2213
3A Code, common IFF
Flight Plan Callsign (ID) With Mode S
6
Propability of acquisition for different Lock-out
procedures
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
No. of needed interrogations for acquisition
propability gt 99 with and without lock-out
7
Propability of acquisition for different Lock-out
procedures
No. of acquired Transponders in depending on
the number of antenna-turns
8
Summary on acquisition Strategy
The use of lock-out procedures based on
different Interrogator Codes is at least for all
fixed military Mode S Sensors absolutely
necessary !!! For the acquisition of a/c flying
in close formation a stochastic acquisition
procedure depending on the number of a/c improves
the performance of the mode S sensor very much
!!!
9
Beneficial use of Mode S on airborne Interrogator
platforms
The Radar Antenna is large against the used
wavelength therefore its beam is relatively sharp.
The IFF Frequency is much lower, so the Beam of
the IFF Antenna is quite broad.
One of the 4 targets with identical range has to
be Identified, but which is it?
With Mode S the position of all responding
Targets could be extracted and the target
identified
10
German military ATC and Long Range Air Defense
Radars
Figures EUROCONTROL 10/99
11
EUROCONTROL ICAT Tool, II Code 5 (DFS
Cluster South)
EUROCONTROL Interrogator Code allocation Tool
23.09.99
12
Civil and military Cluster sizes
6 civ.Radarstationswith Cluster Code 3
II3
II3
II3
II3
II3
2 mil. Long RangeRadarstations withoverlapping
Coverage
II3
13
Parallel use of identical II Codes in
overlapping clusters
Folie 3
II Code 3
II Code 3
mil. RADNET
civ. RADNET
Firewall
Military Control and Reporting Center Air
Defense Track Server
Track to Track Correlation
14
Creation of military ASTERIX Formats
Mil. ASTERIX Cat 348
Target Data EUROCONTROLASTERIX format CAT 48
Mode S
mil. Target Data Position Strobedata Jamminginfor
mation Status Data etc.
(already defined)
Military Format Extension
15
Civil / military Mode S Radar Data Exchange
Folie 3
civil En-Route Radar
military ASR
local military user
military user
Civil RADNET
mil Track
Control
mil Plot
civ Plot
Gateway Firewall
Military Track Server
civil Track Server
civ Track
civil ASR
military RADNET
Control
military Long Range Radar
civil user
local civil user
16
Military use of Mode S
Mode S only all call Interrogation
Mode S reply with 24 Bit adress
17
Military use of Mode S
Mode S selective Interrogation
Mode S reply with FP Callsign
18
Military application Deviation Advisory via Mode
S Functions
Selective interrogation consisting of Deviation
advisory message
alter course to heading 123,you are entering
danger zone
19
ACAS II Functionality, Mode S based
Traffic Advisory Area
Resolution Advisory Command Area
SSR Mode 3/A, C Transponder
E-TCAS
ACAS
1. Mode S Transponder squitters with 24 Bit Adress
20
ACAS Traffic Advisory in a civil environment
Traffic
Traffic
21
ACAS Resolution Advisory in a civil environment
Without Intercept Bit
Descend Now !
Descend
22
ACAS IC Bit escort announcement in a
civil/military environment
With Intercept Bit set
Military Escort Mission
23
Automated Dependent Surveillance Broadcast System
(ADS-B)
Intercepted Signals Give away

• Performance
• Availability
• TTP

24
German Order of Electronic Identification

• Equipped with hand held receiver and Notebook
  anyone is able to receive and exploit a/c
  performance and availability data !
• These data are classified !
• If mil. uses fixed 24 bit adresses, anyone could
  rapidly exploit these data for all military
  aircraft !
• To avoid Exploitation the 24 Bit adresses must be
  masked (e.g. changed for each mission)

25
Mode S Extended Squitter Position Reporting
(ADS-B)

LH 123
No ID without Mode S
BA 5643
GAF 2213
Without active Interrogation
- Flight Plan Callsign
- Longitude
- Latitude
- Height
26
Interoperability of Mk XII A/S in Mixed
Environments
ADS-B Mode S Position Reporting
Mil IFF Position Reporting
Tracker - IDCP
FO/FAC
ADS B, Mode S
Mode S MSSR
Mil IFF Ground Mil IFF Ground
Mil IFF Report
Tactical Data Link
Mil IFF Air/Sea
27
Intended use of military ACAS
ACAS Communication
ACAS Position keeping
28
Military Hybrid Surveillance with ADS-B
ACAS Communication
Mode S Position reporting in Formations (Hybrid
Surveillance)
Position reporting with Mode S provides
Situational Awareness (requires Mode S downlink
receive mode)
29
Traffic Information System Broadcast (TIS-B)
The combined Air and Ground Picture will
be broadcasted to ground traffic on the airport
and to airtraffic in the vicinity of the Terminal
Area to inform on the traffic situation.
Source EUROCONTROL 2002
30
Military use of Traffic Information System
Broadcast (TIS-B)
Instead of the combined Air and Ground Picture,
the area of a Danger- or Restricted Zone could
be broadcasted to all airtraffic in the vicinity
31
Summary

• Military aspects on Mode S are different from
  civil ones but military use of Mode S and Mode S
  related functions will
• Enhance civil/military Interoperability and
  flight safety
• reduce misinterpretation of reactions in
  conflict areas and
• increase Situational Awareness in low level
  conflict areas
• Recommendation
• Support civil/military working groups at national
  and international organisations as EUROCONTROL,
  NATO and ICAO to improve civil / military
  coordination.

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Q u e s t i o n s ?
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