Energy Usage

1
Energy Usage

• Dr. Paul Liu
• March 10, 2006.
• USC

2
Energy Usage

• Topics to be discussed include renewable
  energy, and fossil fuels both in its natural and
  converted forms with an emphasis on
  bio-environmental impact.

3
Renewable Energy Resources

• Biomass
• Natural Form
• Distillation (Methanol)
• Fermentation (Ethanol)
• Solar Energy
• Wind Energy
• etc.

4
Fossil Fuel
5
Coal Gasification
Steam, O2

• coal pulverized ? gasifier? fluidized bed

Catalyst KOH
CO, H2 other
Catalyst nickel
CH4 emissions
6

• Pulverized Coal
• Submicron Lung Diseases
• Silicon Carcinogen
• 2. In Process
• Phenol (Benzophenol) C6H5OH
• Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) highly toxic

7
Coal Liquefaction
Mixed w/air
Naptha Solvent
Reactor 800oF 1500 psia
Desulfurization
?

• coal pulverized ?

(Slurry)
Catalytic reactor
Condenser products (heavy oil, fuel gas,
naphtha, gasoline)
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• 1. Slurry Mixing
• Naphtha Emission
• 2. Reactor Process
• Aromatic Liquid
• Naphtha Emission

Carcinogen
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10
LPG

• Residential, Commercial, Urban Transit.
• Stored in pressurized cylinders.
• Limited capacity due to techn. restrictions.
• Pressurized cylinders are very expensive.
• Not cost effective.

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CNG

• Limited uses in
• transit buses, fleet trucks, heavy duty engines
• Less refueling station available.
• Refueling time too long.
• Not as popular as gasoline, or diesel fuel.

13
Gasoline

• Complex mixture (b.p.850 to 4400F)
• HC-compounds
• aromatic (benzene ring, C6H6)
• olefin (double-bond carbon, propylene CH2CH-CH3)
• paraffin (straight-chain, petroleum gas, butane
  C4H10, CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3)
• Isoparaffin (branched chain,

CH3
Isoheptane
CH3-C-CH2-CH2-CH3
CH3
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• Gasoline Powered Engine Emission
• CO toxic
• NOx interfere lung function
• SOx irritable odor, lung disease
• HC eye irritation, w/ NOx generate O3, lung
  disease
• PM micron mists of H2SO4, HNO3, respiratory
  system disease

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• Trace Elements
• benzo(a) pyrene (C20H12) active carcinogen
• phenanthrene (C14H10) suspected carcinogen
• pyrene (C16H10) suspected carcinogen
• anthracene (C6H4(CH)2C6H4) suspected carcinogen

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Possible causes

• Incomplete combustion
• Too much toxic compounds in gasoline
• 3 Approaches
• Gasoline blended w/ methanol (CH3OH)
• Gasoline blended w/ ethanol (C2H5OH)
• Reformulated Gasoline

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Gasoline-Methanol Blend

• Distillation of Wood
• Gasoline-Methanol (10)
• Double Gasoline Vaporization rate
• Lower Combustion Temperature
• Less NOx, CO, unburn HC Emissions.

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• Drawback
• 50 more fuel needed.
• Very Corrosive.
• Loose existing rust deposit.
• Vapor Lock in Fuel System.
• Water-Fuel Separation.
• Methanol Leak to form Formaldehyde
• CH3OH? CH2O (Carcinogen)
• Formaldehyde

Hydrogen ion H Formate COO-2 (Visual Organs)
Formic acid (CH2O2)
(oxidize)
(dissolved)
(CH2O)
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Gasoline-Ethanol Blend (C2H5OH)

• Fermentation of Starchy crops
• (2/3 of) crops

Glucose C6H12O6
Ethanol C2H5OH
(anaerobic treated)
(yeast fermented)
1/3 of biomass
Xylose C5H10O5
(33 Waste)
Purdue Yeast To ferment xylose Increase 30-40
ethanol product.
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Gasoline-Ethanol (10)

• Fuel Vaporization rate 50 increased
• Increase Octane Number
• Reduce Emissions
• Less sensitive to corrosion.
• Drawback
• 20 more fuel needed.
• Vapor Lock, Fuel Syst. Plug, Phase separation
• Relatively Expensive

21
Reformulated Gasoline

• Purpose Improve Air Pollution
• Reducing aromatic HC compounds
• Reducing sulfuric compounds
• Adding alkylate (isooctane C8H18)
• Adding oxygenate (MTBE Methyl Tertiary Butyl
  Ether (CH3)3COCH3)

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• Advantage
• adding MTBE improve combustion
• Adding isooctane C8H18 - improve octane
• Emit less pollutants (VOC, NOx, CO, SOx, O3)
• Reducing aromatic HC emit less toxic
• Reduce cancer risk
• Drawback
• Addition of MTBE add some cost
• More fuel consumed for same distance
• MTBE suspected carcinogen
• Low viscosity MTBE leak to water walls

23
Diesel Fuel

• From Distillation of Crude Oil
• Classified as NO. 2 fuel oil
• Straight run product from distillation
• Light-cracked from Catalytic Cracking Unit
• Catalyst AlCl3, aluminum chloride in crystal
  form.

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• Advantage
• Powerful and durable
• Excellent performance
• As fuel for trucks, ships, heavy duty machine
• Drawback
• Exhaust Emissions include CO, NOx, SOx, HC and
  smoke
• HC-benzo(a) pyrene (C20H12) active carcinogen
• Smoke carbon soot attached w/ HC, fine
  particles.
• Fine particles size in nano scale, pass through
  lung passage, cancer risk gt 10 X benzene
• Fine particles spread in crowd residential
  commercial area.

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CRT for Fine Particles

• CRT (Continuously Regenerating Trap)
• German Vehicle Co. of Johnson Matthey, Int. R
  D.
• Ceramic Catalyst Ceramic Filter

(collect carbon soot C)
(Platinum, precious metal)

• Oxidize
• NO ? NO2
• CO ? CO2
• HC ? CO2 H2O

heat
C ? CO ? CO2
Regenerate Filter
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• Advantage
• 90 of Fine Particle in nano-range controlled.
• Very cost effective.
• Drawback
• NO2 emissions increased.
• Sensitive to sulfur content of fuel (poisoning
  catalyst).

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Aquazole Diesel for Fine Particles

• Aquazole Diesel
• Developed by French firm Elf Aquitaine.
• Water-Diesel mixture (ratio 17)
• Droplet size in micro- and nano-scale.

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• Advantage w/ nano scale droplets
• 4/5 of fine particles controlled.
• 1/3 of NOx controlled.
• No filter needed.
• Drawback
• 10 more diesel consumed.
• Contaminated Water Treatment needed.

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R D Trend

• Advanced Catalyst (Fuel Conversion)
• Super Conversion Yeast (Bio-fuel production)
• Efficient Photovoltaic Material (Solar-Electric
  conversion)
• Thermoelectric Active Material (Waste
  Heat-Electric conversion)
• Photochem. Active Material (Degrade nano-scale
  toxic chemicals)
• NOTE Study on bio-env. impacts,
• Public Well-being Promotion
• Public Health Protection