eDemocracy: eVoting

1
e-Democracy e-Voting
2002.11.05, The Theory of Informatization Policy
2002

• 20022019 Kim, Byeong Gon
• 20022099 Lee, Song Won
• 20022122 Chang HwaSun
• 20022523 Lee, Joo Hyung
• 20022148 Choi, Su Gil
• Cryptology and Information Security Lab.

IRIS, ICU
2
Contents
1. Introduction Kim,Byeong Gon
2. The Evolution of Voting System Lee,Song
Won
3. Technology Issues Chang, Wha Sun
4. Social Science Issues Lee, Joo Hyung
5. E-voting Future Direction
Choi,Su Gil
3
1. Introduction

• Concept of Electronic Democracy
• e-transformation of politics
• Politic activity using the internet
• Electronic voting, polling, fundraising,
  campaign, mailing, volunteering,
  chattingdebating, tele-conferencing

Politics
Internet
4
1. Introduction

• Terminology
• e-democracy is famous
• of minnesota e-democracy.
• (1994, Minnesota, USA www.e-democracy.org)
• e-politics is a representative terminology for
• e-democracy, emacracy,
• Cyber,Tele-, Push-button,Digital,On-line
  democracy

5
1. Introduction

• Examples
• POSDAQ an simulation stock market where you
  can buy andsell shares of politicians like real
  stocks using cyber-money (www.posdaq.co.kr)
• The Des Moines Health Vote '82(USA)
• Hawaii Televote
• Alaska's Legislative Teleconferencing Network
• Brazils AlterNex
• Uk Citizens Online Democracy(UKCOD) Cyber forum
  of public, civic,politician

6
1. Introduction

• What is e-vote ?
• A part of e-democracy.
• Computer, internet or other information devices
  based voting rather than paper based.

e-vote area
E-Politics
E-Government
7
1. Introduction

• Merits of e-vote
• Disadvantage of paper based voting
• Requires lots of preparation
• Imposes more time Financial Expenditure
  (Expensive)
• Human error (inaccuracy in vote and count)
• Advantages of e-vote
• Accuracy , prevent necessity of a recount
• Significantly cheaper, small number of vote
  manager
• No constraints in time, location
• Helps to overcome the low voter turnout rate
• More frequent voting occurrences
• Citizens - involved in day to day political life
  and consequent decision making (Direct democracy)

8
2. The Evolution of Voting System

• Conventional Voting Systems
• Paper-based
• Hand-counted paper ballots
• Punch cards
• Optically scanned paper ballots
• (OMR cards)
• Voting Machines
• Direct Recording Electronic (DRE) machines
• Voting at the poll site on Election Day

9
2. The Evolution of Voting System

• Electronic Voting Systems
• Touch Screen/KIOSK
• Internet Voting
• e-Vote using KIOSK

10
2. The Evolution of Voting System

• Evolutionary Adoption for Internet Voting
• Poll-site Internet Voting
• Phase 1 Internet Voting at Voters Polling Place
• Using an Internet Voting Machine instead of paper
  ballot
• Similar to traditional election procedures
• Voting at Voters home precinct
• Phase 2 Internet Voting at Any Polling Place
• Same as phase 1
• Voting at any polling place within a county
• Expand voting place such as local community
  centers, libraries, and business centers

11
2. The Evolution of Voting System

• Evolutionary Adoption for Internet Voting
• Remote Internet Voting
• Phase 3 Remote Internet Voting from County
  Computers or Kiosks
• Using a password or digital signature
• Voting at any polling place established the
  Internet Voting Machine
• Poll workers are not necessary
• Phase 4 Remote Internet Voting from any Internet
  Connection
• Same as phase 3
• Anywhere there is an Internet connection

12
3. Technology Issues

• Voting System Vulnerabilities
• Reliability
• Testing, Certification, and Standards
• Specifications and Source Code
• Platform Compatibility
• Secrecy and Non-Coercibility
• Comparative Risk

13
Voting System Vulnerabilities
Anytime Anywhere
Voter
SERVER

• Server or client side
• Floopy, CD-ROM, download, e-mail
• ?Trojan horse, Remote control program
• ?Spy, block, or modify voting
• Communications path
• Denial of service (DOS), distributed DOS (DDOS)
• flooding the server with requests
• man-in-the-middle

14
Reliability

• Ability to perform in spite of H/W or S/W
  failures
• Causes of failures
• Server manager mistake
• Network congestion
• Outage along the ballot path
• Power failure etc.
• Store vote temporarily on client computer?
• Vote spying, selling
• Solutions
• Redundancy in voting system
• multiple back-up servers, redundant Internet
  Service Provider
• Contingency plan

15
Testing, Certification, and Standards

• Many types of voting systems
• Nationally uniform testing and certification
  criteria needed
• More complex systems developed
• more sophisticated testing and certification
• Faulty code, new threats, new platform, new
  device, and new technologies
• legacy systems can be insecure or should be
  modified
• continuous certification program needed
• decertification, re-certification

16
Specification and Source Code

• Appropriate extent of the vendor specification?
• For interoperability and public confidence
• Merits of interoperability
• Reuse of legacy voting system
• Interoperability among vendors
• Open architecture
• For interoperability
• Shared module/subsystem interfaces
• Open source code?
• Pros
• Peoples right to know
• Experts scrutiny for problems
• Cons
• Vendors competitiveness and protection of
  investment

17
Other Technical Issues

• Platform Compatibility
• Available types of platforms, OSs, and browsers?
• Complexity of system vs. difference in access to
  voting
• Secrecy and Non-Coercibility
• Secrecy
• Critical criterion for voting system
• Distributed nature of remote voting
• monitoring, coercion, selling, or trading of vote
• Comparative Risk
• Degree of risk depends on
• election system, type of election, political
  culture of jurisdiction (e.g. elections for
  President and regional officer)
• Acceptable risk level?
• Poll site Internet voting vs. remote voting

18
4. Social Science Issue

• Voter Participation
• Effect of remote Internet voting on turnout in
  public and private election
• Influence of campaigns and on-screen advertising
  on participation in Internet election
• Voter Access
• Demography of Internet access and use
• Public attitudes about computers and internet
  voting
• The Election Process
• Transparency, recount and public confidence in
  electronic voting systems
• Effect of Internet voting on all aspects of
  election administration

19
4. Social Science Issue

• Voter Information
• How do voters use Web-based voter information?
• Dose Internet voting affect this behavior, or
  would it be affected by it?
• Deliberative Democracy
• Effect of internet voting on market for direct
  democracy

20
4. Social Science Issue

• Legal Concerns
• International law with respect to Internet
  voting attacks and fraud
• Liability for failures of Internet Voting
• Other laws

21
5. E-Voting Future Direction

• Voting Anywhere!

Internet Voting
Mobile Voting
Kiosk voting
Conventional Voting
22
5. E-Voting Future Direction

• E-voting and e-democracy
• Facilitating citizen participation
• New technologies make it easier for citizens to
  vote
• Broadening participation
• Open up new channels
• Deepening participation
• Governments policy process, parliaments policy
  and lawmaking process
• Towards direct democracy
• Citizens involved in day-to-day political life

23
5. E-Voting Future Direction

• Challenges of e-voting
• Security issues
• Privacy issues
• Legal issues
• Public confidence and trust
• Disparity of access(digital divide)
• Responsive government
• Economics

24
5. E-Voting Future Direction

• Final Remarks
• We cant find answers to all these problems by
  solely developing the technology
• The social aspects are just as important as the
  technological aspects
• Introduction and development of e-voting can lead
  to the development of IT
• Governments consistent and long-term investment
  is required
• E-voting will benefit from other e-government
  policy
• Electronic social security card
• promotion of public certificate

25

• Thank you for your attention.
• Any question?