From Core Theories to Knowledge Creation Tools

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From Core Theories to Knowledge Creation Tools
Jerry R. Hobbs, Grit Denker, Patrick
Lincoln, David Martin, Srini Narayanan, and
Richard Waldinger Artificial Intelligence Center
and Computer Science Lab SRI
International Menlo Park, California
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Goals of Project
Thesis The semantic web requires
underlying theories. Aims Provide core
theories, with domain theories as
specializations. Characterize content and
capabilities of web sites in terms of
core and domain theories. Build
knowledge creation tools for
specializing theories and describing
web sites semantically.
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Outline
1. Core Theories and their Specializations 2.
Web Sites Interacting with Multiple
Ontologies 3. Knowledge Creation Tools
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Core Theories
Composite Entities
Causality
Belief
Scales
Processes
Information Structures
Goal-Directed Behavior
Time
Spatial Relations
Properties of Materials
Artifacts
Organizations
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Scales
Set of elements with a partial ordering
damage, preference, ... Various levels of
structure possible
partial ordering
total ordering
integers
reals
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Qualitative AmountsHi, Md, and Lo Regions of a
Scale
Lo
Hi
Md
Provides a useful, coarse-grained structure for
scales top(Hi(s)) top(s), bottom(Lo(s))
bottom(s) x in ? Lo(s) y ? Hi(s) -- x y Absolute form of adjectives tall
Hi(Height-Scale) short Lo(Height-Scale) Ca
n be iterated very
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Composite Scales
s2
s is composite of s1 and s2 s
x in s1, y in s2 x1
but normally not
such as area, happiness, damage, ... Damage
degree of loss of functionality
X cost of repair
s1
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A Composite Preference Scale
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An Ontology/Theory of Processes

• Process Primitives A ontology of common process
  elements, their internal temporal structure,
  compositions and resources.
• Process Construals A theory of common
  perpectival operations on processes. Examples are
  elaboration, collapse, profile, focus and
  perspective shifts (such as from agent to
  patient).
• Interprocess Relations Enabling, disabling and
  modifying (such as helping, hindering,
  terminating, suspending) relations.

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A Process Template
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An XML based Process Markup
"process.dtd" created_by "srini" date "08082000"
address "http//www.travelocity.com/"
doc_create "itin.html"
doc_display "itin.html"
name "get_user_approval" doc_read "itin.html"
doc_read "itin.html address
"http//www.travelocity.com/"


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Process Markup Tool
Plan Trip
Process Name
SRI Travel
Use Ontology
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Specializing the Plan Trip Process
Sequence get_itinerary resource
travelocity select_itinerary or
Sequence system_select_itinerary
user_confirm_itinerary
Prepare
Ongoing
make reservation resource credit
card
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Process Model for the travel plan
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Security
You don't want other people to have access to
your hot water heater.
Issues in Security What must be characterized
for webpage security
Authenticity Authorization Privacy
Security Protection mechanisms
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Travelocity Scenario Security
Ticket purchase on secure, authenticated server
Get payment webpage Get certificate
of webpage Test certificate
Right page address Period of
validation Trusted issuer
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Travelocity - payment page security information
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Travelocity - payment page certificate
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Distributed Ontologies
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Using Distributed Ontologies
Scales Ontology/Theory
Processes Ontology/Theory
Geography Ontology/Theory
Preferences Ontology/Theory
Dates Times Ontology/Theory
Security Ontology/Theory
MapBlast
Travel Ontology/Theory
Personal Travel Agent SNARK
nau.edu/latlongdist
SRI Travel Ontology/Theory
Process Interpreter
Web Sites
Travelocity Travelocity DAML Annotations
My Travel Ontology/Theory
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Linking Ontologies
Travelocity Linking Axioms (implies
(TravelocityGet_Itinerary ?OrigAPC
?DestAPC ?DepTime ?ArrTime
?Flt ?Fare) (and (DepCity ?Flt
(city-of ?OrigAPC)) (DestCity ?Flt (city-of
?DestAPC)) (DepTime ?Flt
?DepTime) (ArrTime ?Flt ?ArrTime)
(FlightNo ?Flt ?Flt)(Price ? Flt ?Fare)))
..... Protocol OAA, IDL, JINI
Scales Ontology/Theory
Processes Ontology/Theory
Geography Ontology/Theory
Preferences Ontology/Theory
Dates Times Ontology/Theory
Security Ontology/Theory
MapBlast
Personal Travel Agent SNARK
Travel Ontology/Theory
nau.edu/latlongdist
SRI Travel Ontology/Theory
Process Interpreter
Web Sites
Travelocity Travelocity DAML Annotations
My Travel Ontology/Theory
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Travelocity Webpage Annotations
(assert '(implies (and
(Travelocityget-certificate ?encryption-string
?url ?issuer-name
?from-date ?to-date) (
?encryption-string "This page was encrypted")
(trustable (issuer-of
?issuer-name)) (before
?from-date today) (before
today ?to-date)) (encrypted (url-of
?url))))
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The Demo
Scales Ontology/Theory
Processes Ontology/Theory
Geography Ontology/Theory
Preferences Ontology/Theory
Dates Times Ontology/Theory
Security Ontology/Theory
SNARK
Travel Ontology/Theory
Travelocity Travelocity DAML Annotations
Personal Travel Agent SNARK
SRI Travel Ontology/Theory
Process Interpreter
Web Sites
WEB API Agent (OAA)

Travelocity
My Travel Ontology/Theory
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Knowledge Creation ToolsSpecializing Theories
Core theories provide a range of options
KCT will allow you to choose among the options.
e.g., preference composite scale
fare reals
dep_time arr_time hours-of-day
airlines partially ordered set
legs totally ordered set Map core
predicates to domain predicates. Map core axioms
to domain axioms. Add and delete predicates and
axioms in domain theory.
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Knowledge Creation ToolsDescribing Web Sites
Ontologies and theories dictate what must be
specified and terms in which it must be
specified. Webpage building tool should be
guided by structure of theory. As
much of the required semantic information
as possible should be garnered from
the webpage building operations.
Minimize intrusive questions. Most linking
axioms will have stereotyped structure
(implies site-pred onto-pred) Description of
content and capabilities of web sites should
be mostly a side effect of building the web site.