China in the 17th

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China in the 17th 18th Centuries

• The End of Chinese Traditional Political Culture

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The Fall of the Ming

• The glory of Ming Dynasty (1368AD) after
  defeating the Mongols
• The deterioration of governance
• The quality of the emperor as an administrator
• As a person close-kinship marriage-gtidiot
  emperors
• Power struggle within eunuchs v. bureaucrats
  resulting in carpenter emperor
• Local government posts unfilled, workers unpaid
• Li Zicheng rebellion, General Wu, and the Manchu
  invasion the Qing replaced the Ming in 1644,
  (the end of the dynastic circle)

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Emperor Kangxi (1662-1722)

• The unification of the Jurchen tribes under
  Nurgaci (1559-1626)
• The Banner system a military-civilian unit of
  120-278 companies),
• Ethnicity based units 8 Banners for each
  ethnicity of Manchu, Mongol, and Chinese
• Kangxi, the second emperor, consolidated the
  Manchu rule, creating the Golden Age of Qing in
  17-18 centuries

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Kangxis martial exploits and achievements

• Incorporation of Taiwan by defeating and subduing
  the Ming loyalist Zheng Chenggong his
  successors (1683)
• Defeating the Russians in the north signed the
  treaty of Nerchinsk
• Won the war against Three Feudatories
• Won the war against Western Mongols who
  controlled Tibet
• 1720, Qing entered Tibet installed a
  pro-Chinese Dalai Lama

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Kangxis political economic policy

• Two-sided policy toward the Chinese elite
• The continuity of Chinese traditions
• A patron of Confucianism Chinese art the
  Kangxi Dictionary a special civil service
  examination
• Preservation of the Manchu identity and
  superiority and courting the Chinese loyalty
• Brutal suppression of any dissenting voice
• Tax reform one whip tax combining land and
  head taxies once accessed, the amount was fixed
  for 50 years

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The reign of Emperor Yongzheng (1723-35)

• The question of succession and coup
• Yongzhengs intervention in Tibet, leaving a
  permanent presence in Lhasa
• Reforms for efficiency in governance, a despotic
  ruler with frequent public indoctrination of
  Confucian ideology
• Clever succession strategy sealed will to
  prevent sibling struggle and chaos

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Qianlongs Reign (1730-1795)

• Military expedition in Central Asia the
  establishment of Xingjiang (New Territory)
• Interventions in Tibet, Vietnam, etc. resulting
  in a multi-national empire of the 3rd largest
  country to this day
• Patronage of Confucian ideology Complete Library
  of Four Treasuries
• 80 officials being Chinese, while kept the
  Manchu identity
• Corruption and decline in later years