CHAPTER 8 Stocks and Their Valuation

1
CHAPTER 8Stocks and Their Valuation

• Features of common stock
• Determining common stock values
• Preferred stock

2
Facts about common stock

• Represents ownership
• Ownership implies control
• Stockholders elect directors
• Directors elect management
• Managements goal Maximize the stock price

3
To value common stock

• The Dividend growth model

4
Dividend growth model

• Value of a stock is the present value of the
  future dividends expected to be generated by the
  stock.

where Dt Dividend the stockholder expects to
receive at the end of year t ks Required (or
minimum acceptable) rate of return on the stock
5
Constant growth stock

• A stock whose dividends are expected to grow
  forever at a constant rate, g.
• D1 D0 (1g)1
• D2 D0 (1g)2
• Dt D0 (1g)t
• If g is constant, the dividend growth formula
  converges to

6
What happens if g gt ks?

• If g gt ks, the constant growth formula leads to a
  negative stock price, which does not make sense.
• The constant growth model can only be used if
• ks gt g
• g is expected to be constant forever

7
If kRF 7, kM 12, and ß 1.2, what is the
required rate of return on the firms stock?

• Use the SML to calculate the required rate of
  return (ks)
• ks kRF (kM kRF)ß
• 7 (12 - 7)1.2
• 13

8
If D0 2 and g is a constant 6, find the
expected dividend stream for the next 3 years,
and their PVs.
9
What is the stocks market value?

• Using the constant growth model

10
What is the expected market price of the stock,
one year from now?

• D1 will have been paid out already. So, P1 is
  the present value (as of year 1) of D2, D3, D4,
  etc.
• Could also find expected P1 as

11
What is the expected dividend yield, capital
gains yield, and total return during the first
year?

• Dividend yield
• D1 / P0 2.12 / 30.29 7.0
• Capital gains yield
• (P1 P0) / P0
• (32.10 - 30.29) / 30.29 6.0
• Total return (ks)
• Dividend Yield Capital Gains Yield
• 7.0 6.0 13.0

12
What would the expected price today be, if g 0?

• The dividend stream would be a perpetuity.

13
Supernormal growthWhat if g 30 for 3 years
before achieving long-run growth of 6?

• Can no longer use just the constant growth model
  to find stock value.
• However, the growth does become constant after 3
  years.

14
Valuing common stock with nonconstant growth

P

15
Find expected dividend and capital gains yields
during the first and fourth years.

• Dividend yield (first year)
• 2.60 / 54.11 4.81
• Capital gains yield (first year)
• 13.00 - 4.81 8.19
• During nonconstant growth, dividend yield and
  capital gains yield are not constant, and capital
  gains yield ? g.
• After t 3, the stock has constant growth and
  dividend yield 7, while capital gains yield
  6.

16
Nonconstant growthWhat if g 0 for 3 years
before long-run growth of 6?
17
Find expected dividend and capital gains yields
during the first and fourth years.

• Dividend yield (first year)
• 2.00 / 25.72 7.78
• Capital gains yield (first year)
• 13.00 - 7.78 5.22
• After t 3, the stock has constant growth and
  dividend yield 7, while capital gains yield
  6.

18
If the stock was expected to have negative growth
(g -6), would anyone buy the stock, and what
is its value?

• The firm still has earnings and pays dividends,
  even though they may be declining, they still
  have value.

19
Find expected annual dividend and capital gains
yields.

• Capital gains yield
• g -6.00
• Dividend yield
• 13.00 - (-6.00) 19.00
• or D1 / P0 1.88 / 9.89 19.0
• Since the stock is experiencing constant growth,
  dividend yield and capital gains yield are
  constant. Dividend yield is sufficiently large
  (19) to offset a negative capital gains.

20
Preferred stock

• Hybrid security similar to bonds in some
  respects and to common stock in others.
• Like bonds, preferred stockholders receive a
  fixed dividend that must be paid before dividends
  are paid to common stockholders.
• However, companies can omit preferred dividend
  payments without fear of pushing the firm into
  bankruptcy.

21
If preferred stock with an annual dividend of 5
sells for 50, what is the preferred stocks
expected return?
If the fixed payments last forever, the issue
becomes a perpetuity whose value, Vp is found as

• Vp D / kp where Vp is the value of the
  preferred stock, Dp is the preferred dividend and
  kp is the required rate of return.
• In equilibrium, the expected return is equal to
  the required return.
• Hence, solving for kp
• 50 5 / kp
• kp 5 / 50
• 0.10 10