William James, 1890

1
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• William James, 1890
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  ?? ?????. ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???????.
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  ??????, ?????????, ????? ??-?????, ??????

??? ????? !!
3
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• ??????? ?????? ???????? Dichotic
  listening
• Cherry, 1953
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???? ????
shadowing
4
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  POSNER40 ???? 10 ?? ???? 50
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  ???????

2
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  ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? (?????? ?????)
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6
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• Bottleneck theories or filter theories
  (Broadbent, 1958)
• bottleneck is a mechanism that limits the amount
  of information to be attended to
• what gets through? what is selected and when?

7
early selection

• Broadbent (1958) ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????
  ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??
  ????

8
attenuation

• Treisman (1964) proposed that physical
  characteristics are used to select one message
  for full processing and other messages are given
  partial processing

9
late selection

• Deutsch Deutsch (1963) proposed that all
  messages get through, but that only one response
  can be made (late selection)
• Treisman Geffen (1967) tests between
  attenuation and late selection -- guess who
  wins?!
• dichotic listening detect target words in
  either channel (tap upon detection)
• detection much worse in unattended channel,
  supporting attenuation...if late selection,
  detection should be no problem since all info is
  getting through

10
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11
Treisman (1960) shadowing study

• what does this tell us?
• theoretically, difficult to attend to two things
  at once can tell us what can draw
  attention...such as hearing your name in the
  unattended ear but when your attention gets drawn
  to the unattended ear, you lose information from
  the attended ear (cocktail party phenomenon.)
• practically, dont think you can do more that one
  at a time without one or both tasks suffering
  (e.g. reading a book for class and watching
  Melrose Place

12
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  ???? ???????? SHIFFRIN SCHNEIDER 1977
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13
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14
????????? - ???? STROOP

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  - ???????

15
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• ??? ????? ????, ?? ??????? MANDATORY
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• INFORMATIONALLY ENCAPSULATED
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16
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WHITEHEAD 1911 ????? ???? ??????
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