Alcohol

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Alcohol
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What is Alcohol?

• Alcohol is a compound of carbon, hydrogen and
  oxygen, which is produced when glucose is
  fermented by yeast. The alcohol content of a
  particular drink is controlled by the amount of
  yeast and the duration of fermentation.
• Fruits are used to make wines and ciders, while
  cereals such as barley and rye form the basis of
  beers and spirits.

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Benefits

• Alcohol consumed in moderation is thought to be
  beneficial in reducing the risk of coronary heart
  disease. Indeed, alcohol consumption in
  conjunction with high intakes of fruit and
  vegetables, may well explain the so-called
  'French paradox'. The French diet is considered
  to be very high in fat, especially saturated fat,
  yet the death rate from coronary heart disease
  remains relatively low. It is thought this is at
  least partly due to people's consumption of red
  wine.
• The key word, though, is moderation. In 1997, the
  World Health Organization concluded that the
  reduced risk from coronary heart disease was
  found at the level of one drink consumed every
  second day.

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Risks

• Alcohol has been linked to a wide range of
  illnesses, such as the increased risk of mouth,
  pharyngeal and esophageal cancers (this risk
  being greatly increased if combined with
  smoking). Furthermore, alcohol probably increases
  the risk of colorectal and breast cancer.
• And the list doesn't stop there high blood
  pressure, gastrointestinal complications, such as
  gastritis, ulcers, and liver disease, and the
  depletion of certain vitamins and minerals can
  all be caused by alcohol consumption.
• Excessive alcohol consumption can also have
  detrimental social and psychological
  consequences.
• During pregnancy - the risk of birth defects is
  greater if pregnant women drink, especially in
  the first eight to twelve weeks of pregnancy.
  This is called Fetal Alohol Syndrome

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What's a unit?

• One unit is considered to be 8g of alcohol. Often
  units are quoted as being one small glass of
  wine, half a pint of beer or one pub measure of
  spirits.
• Some stronger beers and lagers may contain as
  many as 2.5 units of alcohol per half pint.
• Cans of beer and lager often contain about
  three-quarters of a pint, rather than half, and
  so will contain 1.5 units - more if the product
  is high strength.

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Nutrition of Alcohol

• Alcohol is a high source of energy, providing 7
  calories per gram of alcohol. Therefore, if
  you're watching your waistline it might be an
  idea to cut down the amount you drink
• Alcohol is often referred to as a source of
  'empty calories', meaning it has no nutritive
  value other than providing energy. This isn't
  strictly true some alcoholic drinks contain
  sugars

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How it works?

• Alcohol follows the same path in the body as food
  doesas it travels through the digestive system.
• About 20 percent of alcohol passes directly into
  the blood from the stomach the rest is absorbed
  by the intestines.
• Some effects are short term and some are long
  term.

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Immediate Effects

• Factors involved
• Amount consumed
• Size of person
• Body fat
• Body type
• Body wt
• Food in stomach
• Male or female

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Amount Consumed

• Obviously, stronger drinks will result in higher
  BACs.
• Remember one serving depends on the drinka
  serving of Wine is not the same size as a serving
  of Beer or spirits.
• The liver can only oxidize ½ oz/ hr.
• Changes back to water carbon dioxide and energy.

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Size of Person

• Body Fat the more body fat a person has the
  higher their blood alcohol level will be
• Body Type people of the same weight, a well
  muscled individual will be less affected than
  someone with a higher percentage of fat since
  fatty tissue does not contain very much water and
  will not absorb very much alcohol
• Body Weight In general, the less you weigh the
  more you will be affected by a given amount of
  alcohol

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Food in stomach

• In a fasting individual, it is generally agreed
  that 20 to 25 of a dose of alcohol is absorbed
  from the stomach and 75 to 80 is absorbed from
  the small intestine. Thus, in fasting people,
  peak BACs are achieved in 0.5 to 2.0 hours while
  in non-fasting people, peak alcohol BACs are
  achieved in 1.0 to 6.0 hours.
• While alcohol will be absorbed from the stomach,
  it is a slower and less efficient transition.
  Because alcohol is absorbed most efficiently in
  the small intestine, the ingestion of food can
  slow down the absorption of alcohol by keeping
  the alcohol in the stomach longer

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Male or female

• Women
• Lower tolerance
• A womens blood alcohol level will be a third
  higher than the man's.
• It will take a third longer for your body to
  eliminate the alcohol from your blood.

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Why Does Alcohol Effect Women Differently?  

• Women have a higher proportion of body fat and
  less water in their bodies than men. This means
  that alcohol is less diluted and will have a
  stronger affect on you. Therefore women will
  generally be affected more quickly than men, even
  if they are the same size as some men, and feel
  the effects longer.
• The liver is where the body finishes breaking
  down alcohol. Working at full speed, a healthy
  young man's liver takes about an hour to process
  one drink. A healthy young woman's liver will
  generally take longer

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How does alcohol work in the body?

• Immediate effects
• Brain- depresses brain activity, thought
  processes are disorganized, and memory and
  concentration are dulled.
• Liver- oxidizes ½ ox./hr. Changes it to water,
  CO2 and energy
• Blood vessels-causes dilation-makes the skin feel
  warm but body temp actually decreases
• Stomach- immediately absorbed into the blood from
  stomach food in stomach slows down absorption
  rate-alcohol increases the flow of gastric juices.

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How does alcohol work in the body?

• Long term effects
• Tolerance-must drink more to produce same effect
• Withdrawal-jumpiness, sleeplessness, sweating,
  poor appetite, tremors, convulsions and
  hallucinations.
• Dependence-body develops need for it
• Adolescents are more vulnerable than any other
  age group to developing nicotine, alcohol and
  other drug addictions because the regions of the
  brain that govern impulse and motivation are not
  yet fully formed, Yale researchers have found

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Long term effects

• Liver problems
• Interferes with the livers ability to break down
  fats causes (fatty liver)
• Interferes with the growth of new liver cells
• Heavy alcohol use destroys liver tissue and it is
  replaced with scar tissue
• Cirrhosis
• High blood pressure
• Abdominal swelling
• Jaundice appearance

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Brain damage

• Loss of intellectual abilities
• Alcohol is a depressant, which means it slows the
  function of the central nervous system. Alcohol
  actually blocks some of the messages trying to
  get to the brain. This alters a person's
  perceptions, emotions, movement, vision, and
  hearing

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• Because experts now know that the human brain is
  still developing during our teens, scientists are
  researching the effects drinking alcohol can have
  on the teen brain.

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Mixing Alcohol with other drugs

• Synergism or multiplier effect
• Alcohol is a depressant
• What is the effect if mixed with ?
• Depressant
• Upper
• Hallucinogen
• Mixed with Tylenol can cause liver failure and
  even death

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Mental and Social Problem

• Why young people drink?
• To escape pressures or problems
• To feel better
• To relax
• To gain more self-confidence
• To get away with something they arent suppose to
  do
• To fit in

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Negative social consequences

• Can affect not only the drinker but also the
  drinkers family and friends
• Alienation of friends and family
• Lets your guard down
• Poor decision making

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Reasons not to drink

• I dont need it
• Hate the taste
• It is fattening
• Leads to other problems
• Dont want to loose control
• Harmful to health
• Want to enjoy what is going on around me

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Pregnancy and Alcohol

• Cause
• Although doctors aren't sure how much alcohol
  you'd have to drink to place your baby at risk,
  they do know the more you drink, the greater the
  chance of problems developing.
• Treatment
• There's no cure for fetal alcohol syndrome.
• Prevention
• Doctors haven't identified a safe level of
  alcohol that a pregnant woman can consume. But,
  experts do know that FAS is completely
  preventable if women don't consume alcohol during
  pregnancy.

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Fetal Alcohol syndrome

• Distinctive facial features
• including small eyes,
• an exceptionally thin upper lip,
• a short, upturned nose
• smooth skin surface between the nose and upper
  lip
• Heart defects
• Deformities of joints, limbs and fingers
• Slow physical growth before and after birth
• Vision difficulties or hearing problems
• Small head circumference and brain size
  (microcephaly)
• Mental retardation and delayed development
• Abnormal behavior such as
• a short attention span,
• hyperactivity,
• poor impulse control,
• extreme nervousness and anxiety

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Advertising Alcohol

• Advertising does not increase consumption. For
  example, alcohol brand advertising was first
  introduced in New Zealand in 1992. While
  advertising continues to increase, consumption
  continues to fall.
• Instead of increasing total consumption, the
  objective of advertisers is to encourage
  consumers to switch to their brand and create
  brand loyalty.

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• The total retail value of beer produced annually
  in the U.S. is about 50 billion. If a producer's
  advertising campaign increases its market share
  by one percent, its sales would increase by 500
  million. However, if the total market for beer
  increased by one percent, a brand with a 10
  share of the market would only experience a sales
  increase of 50 million.

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• In reality, viewers are much more likely to see
  alcohol portrayed during TV programs than during
  commercials. For example, an analysis of prime
  time TV found that alcohol commercials appeared
  at the rate of 0.2 per hour while drinking
  portrayals during programs occured 25 times more
  frequently, at five times per hour. 16

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Parents are much more influential than they
generally realize. For example, among six things
that might affect their decisions about drinking

• Parents (62 percent)
• Best friends (28 percent)
• Teachers (9 percent)
• What they see on television (7 percent)
• What they see in ads (4 percent)

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Drinking and Driving

• Effects
• Reduced ability to judge distances, speed and
  turns
• Reduced ability to judge your capabilities and
  limitations
• Increases the tendency to take risks
• Slows reflexes
• Adds to forgetfulness of taking precautions such
  as using signals when turning
• Reduced ability to concentrate