Understanding Wood

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Understanding Wood

• 8th Grade Agriculture
• Sweet Springs R-7 Schools

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What is Wood?

• Wood is the hard, compact fibrous material that
  comes from the stems and branches of trees.
• Nutrients flow up and down the tree trunk in
  bundles of tube-like tissues called xylem and
  phloem that are formed just inside the bark of
  trees each year.

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Up the XylemDown the Phloem

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Annual Rings
Annual Growth Rings is what gives lumber its
GRAIN.
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Classifications of Trees

• Hardwood
• Deciduous
• Trees that shed their leaves in the winter
• Leaves are broad with veins
• Loose their sap in the winter to keep from
  freezing.

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Classifications of Trees

• Softwood
• Conifers
• Have needles for leaves
• Do not loose their leaves in the winter.
• Have a resin that will not freeze.

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Uses Woods

• Hardwoods
• Furniture Manufacturing
• Decorative Purposes
• Softwoods
• Construction Purposes

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Common Hardwood Trees
Walnut
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Common Hardwood Trees
OAK
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Common Hardwood Trees
Hickory
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Common Hardwood Trees
MAPLE
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Common Hardwood Trees
Poplar
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Common Hardwood Trees
ASH
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Common Softwood Trees
Pine
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Common Softwood Trees
Spruce
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Common Softwood Trees
FIR
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Common Softwood Trees
Cedar
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Common Softwood Trees
Hemlock
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Common Softwood Trees
Redwood
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Lumber

• Lumber is the material taken from trees.
• Comes in various sizes.
• Common Lengths
• 24 or multiples of ex
• 8 and 8 and 8
• 8 and 16
• 10 and 14
• 12 and 12

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Sawing Methods
Plain-Sawed
Quarter-Sawed
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Wood Grain
The dark lines in a board are caused by the
growth rings. How the tree is sawed will affect
the type of grain that is seen.
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Walnut

• Most valuable lumber produced in Missouri.
• Used primarily for furniture and decorations.

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Oak
White Oak
Red Oak

• Largest volume of lumber produced in Missouri.
• Used in furniture.
• Some less valuable species used in construction.

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Maple

• Produced on the East Coast
• Used in the manufacture of furniture.

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Ash

• Produced on East Coast
• Used for furniture and decorations.

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Cherry

• Used for furniture and decorative finishes.

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Hickory

• Grown in Missouri
• Used for tool handles.
• Some decorative uses

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Mahogany

• Used in furniture and for decorative finishes.

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Pine

• Most widely used construction material.
• Grown in Northwest and Southeast.
• Most plentiful and cheapest lumber.
• Many species of pine available.

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Cedar

• Western Cedar used in construction.
• Red Cedar used for decoration.
• Distinctive odor

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Fir

• Used in construction and for decorative finishing.

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Spruce

• Sometimes used in stead of Pine
• Decorative logs in home interiors.

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Hemlock

• Wall paneling

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Redwood
Used for decking and other items exposed to
weather
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Man-Made Materials

• Wafer Board or Coarse Particle Board
• Uses waste from wood
• Glued and pressed together
• Cheaper than conventional materials
• Comes in 4 X 8 Pieces

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Man-Made Materials

• Plywood
• Thin layers of wood (veneer) glued together
• Allows use of poorer quality materials in center
• Comes in 4 X 8 Pieces

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Sizes of Lumber

• Nominal Size
• The approximate size of the lumber as they come
  from the sawmill.
• The surface and edges are rough
• Actual Size
• The finished size of the lumber after it has been
  sanded.
• The surface and edges are smooth

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Nominal vs. Actual

• Nominal Size
• 2 X 4
• Actual Size
• 1 1/2 X 3
• When sanded ½ is taken off of each edge and ¼
  is taken off each surface.

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1 bys

• All 1 board are actually 3/4 thick.
• Widths come in 4, 6, 8, 10 or 12
• 1 X 4 ¾ x 3 ½
• 1 X 6 ¾ X 5 ½
• 1 X 8 ¾ X 7 ½
• 1 X 10 ¾ X 9 ¼
• 1 X 12 ¾ X 11 ¼

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2 bys

• All 2 board are actually 1 1/2 thick.
• Widths come in 4, 6, 8, 10 or 12
• 2 X 4 1 ½ x 3 ½
• 2 X 6 1 ½ X 5 ½
• 2 X 8 1 ½ X 7 ½
• 2 X 10 1 ½ X 9 ¼
• 2 X 12 1 ½ X 11 ¼

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Linear Feet

• Chain Store like Home Depot, Lowes and
  Sutherlands sell lumber by linear foot.
• A linear foot is a board of any width and
  thickness priced by foot in length.
• 1 X 4 could cost .40 a foot while a 2 X
  4 could cost .80/ft and a 1 X 6 could cost
  .60/ft

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Board Feet

• Lumber yards sell lumber by the board feet.
• A board foot is 1 X 1 X 12
• The cost for board foot would be the same for all
  widths of the same thickness
• 1 bys .60/board foot
• 2 bys 1.20/ board foot

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Board Foot

• How many foot of board to equal a board foot
  would vary by the width of a board.
• 4 bys 3 1 board foot
• 6 bys 2 1 board foot
• 8 bys 1 6 1 board foot
• 10 bys 1 2 3/8 1 board foot
• 12 bys 1 1 board foot

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Board Foot

• The formula for determining board foot is
• of pieces X thickness in inches X width in
  inches X length in feet divided by 12
• pieces X thickness in inches X width in inches
  X length in inches divided by 144

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How many Board Feet?

• 1 piece 1 X 6 X 12
• 6 board foot
• 1 piece 1 X 12 X 12
• 12 board foot
• 1 piece 2 X 6 X 8
• 8 board foot

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How many Board Feet?

• You purchase ten 2 X 4 that were 12 long
• 10 X 2 X 4 X 12 / 12
• 80 board feet
• You purchase five 1 X 6 that were 8 long
• 5 X 1 X 6 X 8 / 12
• 20 board feet

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How many Board Feet?

• You purchased six 2 X 6 that were 120 long
• 6 X 2 X 6 X 120 / 144
• 60 board feet
• You purchased two 1 X 8 that were 96 long
• 2 x 1 X 8 X 96 / 144
• 10.66 board feet

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Cost of a Project

• Determine how many board feet are in a project
• Multiply the number of board feet by the cost per
  board feet
• Add the cost for hardware
• This will give you the total cost for a project