Chapter 3 Forestry

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Chapter 3 Forestry
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Forest Regions in US

• 6 major forest regions in the US
• Rocky Mountain
• Northern
• Southern Coniferous
• Central Hardwood
• Pacific Coast
• Tropical
• Regions are determined by rainfall, temp, soil

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Western White Pine
Ponderosa Pine
ROCKY MOUNTAIN
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Douglas Fir
Spruce
NORTHERN FORESTS
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Loblolly Pine
SOUTHERN CONIFEROUS
Longleaf Pine
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Oak Tree
Hickory
CENTRAL HARDWOOD
Poplar
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PACIFIC COAST
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TROPICAL
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United States Forests

• 262 million hectares (655 million acres) of
  forest
• 29 of total land area of US
• 2/3 is classified for commercial purposes
• 58 is privately owned
• 14 belongs to forest industry
• 18 is classified as National Forest
• 10 owned by other federal agencies

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Managing US Forests

• 4 bureaus in charge of managing US forests
• Natural Resource Conservation Service
• Farm management associated forests
• Tennessee Valley Authority
• Timberland management along TN river and
  tributaries
• US Fish and Wildlife Service
• Improve forest habitat for wildlife and fish
• US Forest Service
• Manage forests to promote greatest good for the
  most people

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US Forest Service

• 3 areas of attention
• Protecting National Forest
• Research
• Promote sound forest management with public and
  private land owners
• Protects and manages 155 national forests, 20
  national grasslands totaling 191 million acres

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Forest Service Management Principles

• Principles are mandated by the Multiple Use-
  Sustained Yield Act of 1960
• 1. Multiple Use
• Make the greatest of forest resources available
  to the greatest of Americans.
• 2. Sustainable Yield
• Forest harvest Forest growth
• Length of cutting cycle depends on trees and
  their intended use

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Intended Use

• Saw timber
• Timber suitable for lumber
• Longer cutting cycle
• Pulp wood
• Wood used to make pulp for paper
• Shorter cutting cycle

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Uses of Forests

• Timber
• Grazing
• Soil conservation
• Agriculture
• Mining
• Oil
• Gas leasing
• Hunting/fishing
• Recreation
• Wildlife protection
• Watershed management

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Forests as Industry

• 10,000 different products use forests
• Forest industry earns 30 billion a year
• Employs 1.5 million people
• US uses 40 billion board feet each year.
• This is enough wood to build a 4 ft wide
  boardwalk 70 times longer than the distance to
  the moon

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Forests as Rangeland

• 100 million acres provide forage for millions of
  sheep and cattle in the West
• Ranchers pay fees to graze their livestock in
  National Forests.
• 4 million a year is paid to graze animals on
  National Forest land

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Forests as Wildlife Habitat

• 60 of elk in Rocky Mountain region find food,
  cover, and shelter in National Forests
• May create edges in the forest to provide food
  and cover for wildlife
• Food and cover for elk and deer are more abundant
  in the early stages of successionperiodic
  controlled burns turn back succession

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Forests as Fuel

• Commercial forests produce 310 million metric
  tons of biomass that could be used as a renewable
  energy source
• Wood burning can be a major source of air
  pollution
• CO2, CO, CH, particulates

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Calculating Board Feet

• BOARD FEET measurement of lumber volume.
• A board foot is equal to 144 cubic inches of
  wood. A piece of wood 12 inches long by 12 inches
  wide by 1 inch thick.
• Calculated by using the following formula
• (Thickness x Width x Length) / 144 Board Feet
• Note Lumber is specified by its rough size. This
  is why a 2"x 4" board is actually 1-1/2" thick.

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• TEN be there MINUTES 
•        T              H              E       th
  e      corner       B              R           
     O              O              M    

• Word Letter Play  Lost in the Translation Can
  you "translate" these groups of words? Each group
  stands for a familiar sentence or an expression.
  (You'll have to add your own capital letters and
  punctuation.)
• HEADHEELS 
• the weatherI'm feeling 

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• EVERY right THING 
• IT FOR what's ME 
• sit down ME 
• DON'TSTAY     your welcome 
• HE   I don't like it   RE 
• the sky           todaycast

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Harvesting Trees

• Onsite survey called a CRUISE is done
• Estimates the volume and grade of standing timber
• Trees are marked
• Logging plan is established
• Includes
• Map of stand to be logged
• Maps that show distribution, age, and volume of
  species to be logged
• Harvesting method
• Suitable Access Roads
• Time Estimate
• Cost and probable gross income from sale of
  timber
• Clean up

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Harvesting Methods

• Clear cutting
• Strip cutting
• Selective cutting

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Clear Cutting

• Standard logging practice in Northwest
• Used in even-aged stands, usually monocultures
  (one or two species of trees only)
• Used with trees whose seedlings thrive in full
  sunlight (Douglas Fir)
• Douglas Fir is arguably the most valuable timber
  species in the world

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Clear Cutting

• Entire patches of trees are cut
• When viewed from above a clear cut forest looks
  like a brown and green checkerboard
• 2/3 timber is taken by clear cutting
• Rotation cycle between planting and harvesting
• Saw timber 100 years
• Pulp Wood 30 years

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Strip Cutting

• Helps prevent erosion
• Usually used in hilly terrain where clear cutting
  would result in massive pollution of streams just
  below the logging site
• Cut strips 250 ft. wide
• Strips of trees left behind reseed the stripped
  area

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Strip Cutting

• Advantages
• Minimizes loss of soil nutrients from the forest
• Curbs the pollution of mountain streams
• Minimizes the ugliness associated with clear
  cutting
• Permits more efficient reforestation by natural
  mechanisms

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Selective Cutting

• Done in timber stands of uneven aged trees or
  mixed stands
• hunt and pick -mark the trees they want
• Costly and time consuming

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Selective Cutting

• Advantages
• Minimizes environmental abuses
• Reduces blowdown
• Decreases fire hazard
• Results in a high rate of natural reproduction
• Can be done on a 10 year rotation

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Logging Operation

• Cut the Tree
• Remove the limbs
• Cut the trunks into logs
• Load logs onto truck or train
• On truck

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• PUZZLE
• What's the Fewest? Some kids are playing hide and
  seek in a park where there are seven trees. One
  of the kids is It, and the others are all
  hiding behind trees. Of course, you cant see
  them, because theyre hiding. See if you can
  figure out the fewest possible kids hiding, using
  the following informationA girl is hiding to
  the left of a boy.A boy is hiding to the left of
  a boy.Two boys are hiding to the right of a girl.

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Reseeding Forests

• Natural Reseeding leave some trees in place to
  provide seeds for future trees.
• Artificial Reseeding
• Aerial Seeding seeds are dropped by
  planes/helicopters that fly just over the
  treetops
• 2,500 acres a day can be seeded
• Birds, rodents like to eat the seeds. Coat the
  seed with a toxic deterrent
• Usually requires rodent eradication before
  reseeding

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Reseeding Forests

• Most successful way
• Plant young trees instead of sowing seeds.
• Does not require rodent control
• Machines can plant 1,000 trees per hour

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Forest Destruction

• Disease
• Insect Pests
• Forest Pest Control Act of 1947 allows for
  conduction of surveys on private and public lands
  for pests.

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Diseases

• Cause 45 of saw timber destruction
• Heart rot fungus is responsible for 33
• Fungus is important agent in the decay of fallen
  logs, recycling elements and removing flammable
  debris
• The most devastating diseases are those that are
  introduced accidentally

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Insect Pests

• 20 of all destroyed timber
• Trees have their own pests that prey on them
• Healthy trees can withstand insectsin drought,
  crowding, pollution the tree is weakened
• Bark Beetlesbore through the bark, lay eggs,
  grubs eat the soft inner bark

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Insect Pests

• Controlling pests
• Sanitation techniques
• Burn all beetle breeding sites (fallen trees)
• Log all dead trees
• Apply insecticides

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Controversy

• 1970s concern about the amount of pesticides
  being used
• Forest Service developed an INTEGRATED PEST
  MANAGEMENT policy in response
• Use biological control agents (natural
  predators/parasites)
• Use selective cutting rather than clear-cutting
• Remove bark damaged trees
• Grow heterotypes when feasible

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Fire Management

• 15 of forest fires are naturally caused.
• 30 of forest fires are started intentionally
• Smoke jumpers parachute in to put out small fires
• To suppress a fire
• Firebreak
• Back fire
• Fire-retarding chemicals
• Infrared systems

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Controlled Fires

• A fire that is purposely ignited by professionals
  for specific purposes
• Winds, moisture matter
• Reasons for a controlled burn
• Reduces crown fire hazard by removing tinder
• Prepares forest soil as a seedbed
• Increases growth of livestock forage
• Controls fungus