Discussion Questions

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Discussion Questions

• What were the main religions in medieval India
  and how did they interact? Was there an attempt
  to bring them together?
• What groups brought Islam to India? Why would
  Islam be popular among certain segments of
  Hindus?
• What role did trade play in medieval India?
• Describe some states that developed in early
  South East Asia.

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India after Gupta

• White Huns c. 451 CE
• Gupta State collapsed mid-6th c.
• Regionalism in N. India
• Conflicts
• Turkish invasions
• Turmoil

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King Harsha (r. 606-648 CE)

• Unified rule N. India
• Young, energetic, competent
• Assassinated
• Decentralized control

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King Harshas Northern India
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Islam in Northern India

• Umayyad empire in Sind (NW India), 711
• Held by Abbasid dynasty to 1258
• Heterodox population

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The Abbasid Caliphate at the Height of Its Power
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attles-india-pakistan1.gif
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Merchants and Islam

• Early Arabic trade in India
• Muslims in India
• Particularly coastal areas large cities
• Influx of Muslim settlers

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Mahmud of Ghazni

• Raids N. India, 1001-1027
• Plunders and destroys temples
• Builds mosques
• Feared

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The Sultanate of Delhi, 1206-1526

• Mahmuds raiding territory
• Delhi
• Weak administration
• No permanent bureaucracy
• Reliance on Hindu kings
• Violent overthrows

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Early Islam in Northern India
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The Delhi Sultanate Dawlatabad, Madhya, India
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The Issue of Kashmir
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Hindu Kingdoms of S. India Chola

• Chola Kingdom, 850-1267
• Maritime power
• Decentralized, but taxes
• Trade
• Influence Malaysia, Sri Lanka, and Bengal

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Chola Dynasty 860-1267
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Hindu Kingdoms of Southern India Vijayanagar

• Kingdom of Vijayanagar
• Northern Deccan
• Originally supported by Sultanate of Delhi
• Renounce Islam - 1336
• Independent until 16th c

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Trade and Economic Development

• S. Regions largely self-sufficient
• Products traded
• Iron, copper, salt, pepper, textiles
• Instability in north

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Trade - Indian Ocean basin, 600-1600 C.E.
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Trade in the Indian Ocean Basin

• Trade increases - stable governments outside
  India
• Larger ships
• Dhows, junks
• Agricultural more organized
• Emporia
• Port cities - warehouses
• Specialized products
• cotton textiles, high-carbon steel

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Agriculture in the Monsoon World

• Spring/summer from SW
• Fall/winter from NE
• Seasonal irrigation
• Reservoirs, canals, tunnels

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Population Growth in India
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Temples and Indian Society

• Religious centers
• Organize irrigation, etc.
• Large landholdings, income
• Education
• Banking

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Challenges to Caste and Society

• Migrations
• Islam
• Urbanization
• Economic development
• Jati (guilds or subcastes)
• Caste system expands
• Promoted by temples, educational system

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Decline of Buddhism

• Turkish invasions
• 1196 Muslim forces destroy Nalanda
• Monks exiled

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Buddhist Migrations Pagan, Burma
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Growth of Hinduism

• Devotional cults
• Vishnu, Shiva
• Salvation
• Philosophy
• Popular in S. India, spreads to north

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Hindu Shrines Khajuraho Mahadeva Temple
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Hindu Shrines Khajuraho Mahadeva Temple
Sensuousness expresses the rapturous union of
human and divine
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Festival of Pongal Hindu Celebrations
Pongal is the only festival of Hindu that follows
a solar calendar and is celebrated on the
fourteenth of January every year. Pongal has
astronomical significance it marks the beginning
of Uttarayana, the Sun's movement northward for a
six month period. In Hinduism, Uttarayana is
considered auspicious, as opposed to
Dakshinaayana, or the southern movement of the
sun. All important events are scheduled during
this period. Makara Sankranthi refers to the
event of the Sun entering the zodiac sign of
Makara or Capricorn.
http//www.pongalfestival.org/what-is-pongal.html
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Brahmin Devotional Philosophers

• Shankara, 9th c. CE
• Shiva
• Platonic forms
• Logical analysis
• Ramanuja, 11th-early 12th c.
• Deemphasized intellect
• Philosophical foundations of contemporary Hinduism

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Conversion to Islam

• ¼ Total population converted
• Social status remained consistent

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Islam Sufism

• Personal, emotional
• Missionaries
• Flexibility
• Piety and devotion rather than doctrine

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The Bhakti Movement

• Attempt to bring Hinduism and Islam closer
  together
• 12th c. Hindu movement
• Shiva, Vishnu, Allah all one Deity
• Helped bridge differences

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Indian Influence in Southeast Asia

• From 500 BCE
• Similarities with Indian culture
• Kingship
• Religions (Hinduism, Buddhism)
• Literature (Ramayana, Mahabharata)
• Differences
• Primarily rejected caste system
• Nature spirits and other deities

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Early States of Southeast Asia

• Funan
• Lower Mekong River, 1st-6th c. CE
• Tribute to China
• Rajas
• Srivijaya
• Sumatra, 670-1025 CE
• Buddhism
• Angkor
• Cambodia, 889-1431 CE
• Religious complexes

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Early States of Southeast Asia
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Modern SE Asia
http//mabryonline.org/blogs/howard/archives/map_s
outheast_asia.jpg
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Angkor Wat Cambodia
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Islam in SE Asia

• Muslim traders
• Sufism - popular
• Monotheism
• Spiritual equality
• Trade
• Many convert, retain some Hindu or Buddhist
  traditions

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State of Melaka

• Late 14th c. CE - Prince of Sumatra
• Strait of Melaka
• Taxes
• Mid-15th c. converted to Islam

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India Comparison

• Less centralized government
• Significant agricultural production encourages
  population growth urbanization
• Increased trade stimulates specialized labor
  economic growth
• Hindu and Muslim populations

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http//www.rupe-india.org/34/images/map.jpg