Name, event, date

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• Name, event, date

Rob de Jong United Nations Environment
Programme/ Partnership for Clean Fuels and
Vehicles
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Air pollution health effects
Premature Deaths
Cancer
Developmental Effects
Hospitalization
Asthma Attacks and Bronchitis
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Urban air pollution a key issue

• WHO estimates more than 1 billion people exposed
  to outdoor air exceeding maximum recommended
  levels
• Up to 1 million premature deaths, up to 1 million
  pre-native deaths
• Local and global effects (climate change)
• Cost of urban air pollution estimated to be 2 of
  GDP, in developed countries and more than 5 in
  developing countries (e.g. 7 China, to rise to
  13 by 2020)

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Urban air pollution a key issue - continued

• In US almost half of urban residents exposed to
  harmful levels of ozone
• In Nairobi, Kenya, lead levels in atmosphere are
  more than 25 times as high as WHO standards
• In CEE USD 1.2 billion lost per year due to
  working time lost to illness
• But also global impacts transport sector key to
  CO2 emissions

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Growth in Passenger Cars, EU CEE (1980 2000)
Passenger Cars per 1000 Inhabitants
Rate () of Increase from 1980
13 x increase 1200
While still below the EU average, the ownership
rates for passenger vehicles in CEE and Turkey
(Czech Rep. and Romania examples here), are
rapidly rising.
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Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles (PCFV)

• set up at the World Summit on Sustainable
  Development, August 2002
• to promote clean fuels and vehicles to address
  urban air quality
• public private Partnership
• Clearing-House at UNEP Headquarters in Nairobi,
  Kenya

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PCFV Objectives

• the elimination of lead in gasoline and the phase
  down of sulfur in diesel and gasoline fuels,
  concurrent with
• the adoption of cleaner vehicle technologies
• website www.unep.org/pcfv

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Objective 1 Lead in Gasoline

• Lead is added to gasoline to enhance octane
• Lead has severe health effects
• Blocks clean vehicles technologies, esp.
  introduction catalytic converters
• Alternatives available
• Lead phase out world wide

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Lead pollution health effects

• Toxicity already at low level (no safe NAEL)
• Developmental problems (IQ, growth, hearing,
  specific for children)
• Several organs effected
• Malnourished particularly at high risk
• Restricts the mental development of children
  (loss of IQ) 1ug/dl 0.25-0.5 IQ point
• For each 10ug/dl height decrease by 1 cm

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Leaded gasoline Health Effects (example Egypt)

• Estimated annual health effects
• Heart Attacks - 6,500 to 11,600
• Strokes - 800 to 1,400
• Premature Deaths (Adults) - 6,300 to 11,100
• Infant Deaths - 820
• Average IQ Loss in Children - 4.25 Points
• Egypt went unleaded

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Hungary declining blood lead levels after leaded
petrol phase out (1985 2000)
Lead levels in petrol in Hungary 1985 0.7
grams/ liter 1995 0.15 grams per liter current
EU level .005 g/l
Lead contents in gasoline (g/l)
Blood Lead Level (µg/dl)
1985
1985
1995
1995
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Regional Status of Leaded Petrol Phase-Out
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Objective 2 Sulfur in fuels

• sulfur levels in crude oil differ per region, and
  thus sulfur levels in fuels differ
• Health effects and environment effects
• regulations differ between 10,000 ppm and less
  than 25 ppm
• need for lower sulfur levels for modern engines

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Sulfur Health Effects

• Sulfur and Particulate problems
• Sulfur bronchitis, asthma
• damage to plants and buildings
• PM Cardio-respiratory problems and some
  constituents of fine particulate matter, such as
  diesel smoke, are carcinogenic

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Sulfur Health Effects of PM 2.5 (example
Europe)
Loss in average expected statistical life
expectancy due to identified anthropogenic PM2.5
(in months)
Avg. 9 months of life expectancy lost 386,000
premature deaths annually due to PM
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Regional Status of Sulfur in Diesel
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Objective 3 Clean Vehicles

• Need to see fuels and vehicles as a combination
  certain vehicles need certain fuels and the other
  way around

• - Vehicles - Options
• No or ultra low emission vehicles
• Conventional vehicles
• Retrofit vehicles

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Clean Vehicles - continued
Vehicles - Options 1- No or ultra low emission
vehicles hybrids , hydrogen 2- Conventional
vehicles modern engines, catalytic
converters 3- Retrofit vehicles esp. diesel
technology diesel traps (fuels needs?)
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Cleaner Vehicles
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Engine Life vs. Sulfur Levels in Diesel Vehicles
going from 10,000 to 5,000 ppm sulphur diesel,
engine life is expected to increase with 50
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PCFV Possible Outcomes Next Steps, CEE
Turkey

• In General
• Work with national governments, industry, civil
  society to promote cleaner fuels and vehicles in
  CEE
• Promote and advocate current conferences
  conclusions and recommendations for uptake by
  national decision-makers
• Correct information gaps for fuels and vehicles
  information (especially vehicle fleets)
• Develop a regional network of experts,
  decision-makers, industry, all stakeholders for
  cleaner fuels and vehicles.

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Next Steps - continued

• Cleaner Fuels
• LEAD
• Lead phaseout ASAP (including support for
  current plans)
• Albania (ban planned for 2005)
• Bosnia and Herzegovina (ban planned for
  1/1/2010)
• Croatia (1/1/2006)
• Macedonia (2006)
• Romania
• Serbia Montenegro
• Turkey (2006)
• Increased use of catalytic converter technology
  through legislation, deadlines for retirement of
  non-cat converter cars, and ban on non-cat
  imports into CEE countries

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Next Steps - continued

• SULPHUR
• Lower diesel sulphur level with the goal to go
  to 500 ppm asap (including support for current
  plans) in
• Albania (2,000 ppm)
• BiH (2,000 ppm)
• Croatia (10,000 ppm)
• Macedonia (2,000 ppm)
• Serbia Montenegro (10,000 ppm)
• Turkey (7,000)
• Promotion of emissions control technology for
  heavy-duty diesel vehicles, including retrofits
• Support for further compliance with EU fuel
  quality standards for both petrol and diesel.

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Next Steps - continued

• VEHICLES
• Close information gaps on CEE national vehicle
  fleets, including catalytic converters and
  vehicle age
• Restrictions on age of imported vehicles and
  requirements for catalytic converters in all CEE
  countries (to complement EU requirements)
• Cleaner Diesel VehiclesRetrofit projects for
  heavy duty diesel vehicles, improved I M,
  accelerated retirement plans, and cost/benefit
  analysis of replacement of diesel with
  alternative vehicles (natural gas, etc.).

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• Role of the Partnership for Clean Fuels and
  Vehicles (PCFV)

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PCFV Activities

• Technical support
• Networking support
• Financial support
• Joint activities
• Involved other partners/ organisations
• Information/ communication

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Progress on Lead Phase Out in Sub-Saharan Africa
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Information Website www.unep.org/pcfv
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www.unep.org/PCFV