MADISONS CURRENT WEATHER

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MADISONS CURRENT WEATHER
Madison Weather at 1000 AM CDT THU JUL 5 2001
Updated twice an hour at 05 and
25 Sky/Weather SUNNY
Temperature 63 F (17 C)
Dew Point 42 F (5 C)
Relative Humidity 46 Wind
N7 MPH Barometer 30.10S
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Surface Weather Map from Today with Isobars
Fronts
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Current Temperatures (oF) Isotherms
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Current Dewpoints (oF)
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Tomorrows 7AM Forecast
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Current UVI Forecast
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Last 24 hrs in Madison
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At Southern Lake Michigan Buoy
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Announcements

• Homework 2 is due today.
• Exam on Monday here (more _at_ end of class).
• Study sheet is online.
• Answers to Homeworks 1 2 to be posted.

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ATM OCN 100 - Summer 2002 LECTURE 9

• BEHAVIOR OF GASES in the ATMOSPHERE
  Thermodynamics (cont.)
• Introduction
• Kinetic Theory of Matter
• The Gas Laws
• The Laws of Thermodynamic
• Vertical Motions
• Stability

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ATM OCN 100 - Summer 2001 LECTURE 9

• BEHAVIOR OF GASES in the ATMOSPHEREThermodynam
  ics A. INTRODUCTION
• How are pressure temperature related?
• Why are lows cloudy and highs fair?

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B. KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER

• Definitions
• Historical
• Assumptions for gases
• Tiny molecules with large space
• No attraction between molecules
• Random molecular motion
• Elastic molecular collisions.

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B. KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER (cont.)

• Molecular Diffusion
• Transport of fluid properties by molecular
  motion
• Direction is from high toward low concentration
  regions.

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B. KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER (cont.)

• Variables describing molecular state of a gas
• Density molecular mass per volume
• Temperature average molecular speed
• Pressure molecular momentum change
  ( molecular speed mass)

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C. THE GAS LAWS

• Classical approach to Ideal Gas Law (or
  Equation of State)

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• Atmospheric application of Ideal Gas Law
• If P constant, then ??increases as T
  decreases
• If ?? constant, then P increases when T
  increases
• If T constant, then ??increases as P
  increases.

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C. THE GAS LAWS (cont.)

• Dalton's Laws of Partial Pressures
• Involves mixture of ideal gases

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C. THE GAS LAWS (cont.)

• Dalton's Laws of Partial Pressures
• Involves mixture of ideal gases

• Each gas has own partial pressure, p(i).

• Then Total Pressure Sum of partial pressures

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C. THE GAS LAWS (cont.)

• Dalton's Laws of Partial Pressures
• Involves mixture of ideal gases
• Each gas has own partial pressure, p(i).
• Then Total Pressure Sum of partial pressures

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C. THE GAS LAWS (cont.)

• Atmospheric Applications of Dalton's Laws of
  Partial Pressures
• PTotal p(N2) p(O2) p(Ar) e ...
• Where p(N2), p(O2), p(Ar) are partial pressures
  of major atmospheric gases e (partial water)
  vapor pressure.
• So for air with some moisture PTotal 1020 mb
  ? (780 210 9) mb
  e ? (20 to 40 mb)

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D. THE THERMODYNAMIC LAWS

• Introduction
• First Law of Thermodynamics
• Input Output Storage

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D. THE THERMODYNAMIC LAWS (cont.)

• Atmospheric application of First Law of
  Thermodynamics
• Heat exchange Work Internal energy
  Change
• Heat exchange by radiation, etc.
• Work by volume change
• Internal energy change by temperature change.

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D. THE THERMODYNAMIC LAWS (cont.)

• Adiabatic Processes
• No heat exchanged with environmentWork
  internal energy change
• Involves volume change only
• Volume change
  Temperature change
• Volume decrease (or Pressure increase)
  causes heating
• Volume increase (or Pressure decrease)
  causes cooling.

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E. THE VERTICAL MOTION PROBLEM

• Response of an air parcel
• Rising motion Encounters lower pressure
  Expansion cooling
• Sinking motion Encounters higher
  pressure Compression warming
• Specification of the response

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Response of Ascent/Descent of Air Parcel Dry
Adiabatic Lapse Rate (10C/1000m)See Fig. 6.8
Moran Morgan (1997)
P ? 600 mb, V 1.44 m3
P ? 700 mb, V 1.28 m3
P ? 800 mb, V 1.16 m3
P ? 900 mb, V 1.07 m3
T 20?C, P ? 1000 mb, V 1.00 m3
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Response of Ascent/Descent of Air Parcel Dry
Adiabatic Lapse RateSee Fig. 6.8 Moran Morgan
(1997)
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E. VERTICAL MOTION (cont.)

• Specification of parcel response
• describes cooling/heating by adiabatic
  expansion/compression process
• assume dry air parcel.
• The dry adiabatic lapse rate (DALR)
• Recall that lapse rate is how temperature
  decreases with height
• DALR ? 10 Co per 1000 meters or 5.5
  Fo per 1000 feet.

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E. VERTICAL MOTION (cont.)

• Response of an air parcel
• An example

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U.S. STANDARD ATMOSPHERE See Fig. 1.9 Moran
Morgan (1997)
Thermosphere
Mesopause
Mesosphere
Stratopause
Stratosphere
Tropopause
Troposphere
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GREEN BAY RADIOSONDE SOUNDING Sunday PM
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Why does the Hot Air Balloon Rise?
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When Convection?
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GREEN BAY RADIOSONDE SOUNDING Wednesday PM
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F. STATIC STABILITY

• Importance
• Stability-Instability Concept
• Stable Return to initial state
• Unstable Continuation away from initial
  state
• Criteria for Static Stability (Instability)
  Determination

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STABLE CONDITIONSCompare Environment with
DALRColder parcel sinks returns to start
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UNSTABLE CONDITIONS Compare Environment with
DALR Warmer parcel continues upward
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GREEN BAY RADIOSONDE SOUNDING Wednesday PM
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GREEN BAY RADIOSONDE SOUNDING FRIDAY AM
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F. STATIC STABILITY (cont.)

• Processes which change static stability
  (instability)
• Cool below, but warm above (stabilize)
• Warm below, but cool above (destabilize)
• Visual stability indicators

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Example of Stabilization An Inversion
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Example of Destabilization-- Cumulonimbus
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F. STATIC STABILITY (cont.)

• Processes which change static stability
  (instability)
• Visual stability indicators
• Graphical Analysis The Thermodynamic Diagram

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GREEN BAY RADIOSONDE SOUNDING Sunday PM
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STABLE CONDITIONSCompare Environment with
DALRColder parcel sinks returns to start
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UNSTABLE CONDITIONS Compare Environment with
DALRWarmer parcel continues upward
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GREEN BAY RADIOSONDE SOUNDING Wednesday PM
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GREEN BAY RADIOSONDE SOUNDING FRIDAY AM
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GREEN BAY RADIOSONDE SOUNDING FRIDAY AM
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Announcements

• Homeworks 1 2
• Please Pick up yours in front
• Ans. Keys for both are posted athttp//www.aos.wi
  sc.edu/hopkins/aos100/homework.
• First Hour Exam
• Is scheduled for Next Friday
• A review/help sheet has been posted at
  http//www.aos.wisc.edu/hopkins/aos100/exams.
• Honors students Have you talked with me?

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MADISONS CURRENT WEATHER
at 900 AM CDT MON OCT 8 2001 Updated twice an
hour at 05 and 25 Sky/Weather MOSUNNY
Temperature 47 F (8 C) Dew Point 32 F (0 C)
Relative Humidity 56 Wind S13 MPH
Barometer 30.29R
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Surface Weather Map from Today with Isobars
Fronts
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CURRENT IR
Iris
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CURRENT VISIBLE
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Hurricane Iris A Cat. 4
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Surface Weather Map from Today with Isobars
Fronts
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Current Temperatures (F) Isotherms
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Current Temperatures (oF) 24 Hrs Ago
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Tomorrows 7AM Forecast
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Announcements

• Homework 1
• Please Pick up yours in front.
• Homework 2
• Is being graded
• NOTE If you are had trouble with the
  extra-credit, you may submit this section after
  class.
• Honors students Have you talked with me?

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Announcements

• Homework 2 is due today.
• Exam on Monday here (more _at_ end of class).
• Study sheet is online.
• Answers to Homeworks 1 2 to be posted.

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U.S. STANDARD ATMOSPHERE See Fig. 1.9 Moran
Morgan (1997)
Thermosphere
Mesopause
Mesosphere
Stratopause
Stratosphere
Tropopause
Troposphere