PROTOTYPING AND RAPID APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT

1
CHAPTER 8 PROTOTYPING AND RAPID APPLICATION
DEVELOPMENT
2

• PROTOTYPING IS BUILDING A SMALL VERSION, OR A
  REPRESENTATIVE MODEL OF THE USERS REQUIREMENTS.
  IT IS USED FOR DISCOVERING OR VERIFYING THE
  USERS REQUIREMENTS.

3
ANALYST SEEKS THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION DURING
PROTOTYPING

• USER REACTIONS
• USER SUGGESTIONS
• INNOVATIONS
•  
• REVISION PLANS

4
DIFFERENT TYPES OF PROTOTYPES
PATCHED-UP PROTOTYPES A SIMPLE MODEL WHICH HAS
ALL THE NECESSARY FEATURES BUT IS
INEFFICIENT.  NONOPERATIONAL PROTOTYPEIS A
NONWORKING MODEL, WHICH IS USED TO TEST CERTAIN
ASPECTS OF THE SYSTEM.  FIRST-OF-A-SERIES
PROTOTYPETHE FIRST FULL-SCALE WORKING MODEL OF A
SYSTEM CALLED THE PILOT. IF SUCCESSFUL, THEN MORE
WILL BE IMPLEMENTED IN OTHER PLACES.  SELECTED
FEATURES PROTOTYPEA WORKING MODEL THAT
REPRESENTS ONLY A FEW FEATURES OF THE SYSTEM.
OTHER FEATURES OF THE SYSTEM WILL BE ADDED LATER.
5

• PROTOTYPING AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO SDLC
•  
• SDLC CONCERNS
• TIME
• CHANGE IN USER REQUIREMENTS

6

• ADVANTAGES OF PROTOTYPING REPLACING SDLC
• PROTOTYPE MODEL IS TANGIBLE
• REDUCE TIME BETWEEN INFORMATION
  REQUIREMENTS AND DELIVERING OF THE SYSTEM

• DISADVANTAGES OF PROTOTYPING REPLACING SDLC
• MAKING A SYSTEM WITHOUT FULLY UNDERSTANDING THE
  PROBLEM
• DEVELOPING A SYSTEM ONLY SUITABLE FOR A GROUP OF
  USERS RATHER THAN THE ENTIRE USERS

7
OPTIMAL
APPROACH IS TO USE PROTOTYPING AS PART OF THE
TRADITIONAL SDLC.

8
WHEN IS PROTOTYPING APPROPRIATE?

• CONSIDER THESE FACTORS 
• THE DESIGN EXPERIENCE 
• THE ENVIRONMENT 
• THE TYPE OF DECISION / PROBLEM

9
MAJOR GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING PROTOTYPES

• WORK IN MANAGEABLE MODULES
• BUILD THE PROTOTYPE QUICKLY
• MODIFY THE PROTOTYPE
•   STRESS THE USER INTERFACE

10

• ADVANTAGES OF PROTOTYPING
• SYSTEM CAN BE CHANGED IN EARLY DEVELOPMENT STAGES
• SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT CAN BE STOPPED IF THE SYSTEM
  IS NOT WORKING
• DEVELOP A SYSTEM THAT MORE CLOSELY MATCHES THE
  USERS NEEDS AND EXPECTATIONS

• DISADVANTAGES OF PROTOTYPING
• DIFFICULT TO MANAGE PROTOTYPING
• INCOMPLETE PROTOTYPE MAY BE ACCEPTED AS IF IT
  WERE A COMPLETE SYSTEM

11
USERS ROLE IN PROTOTYPING

• EXPERIMENTATION
• REACTION
• SUGGESTIONS

12
RAPID APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT (RAD)
     A SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT APPROACH THAT
DRASTICALLY DECREASES THE TIME NEEDED TO DESIGN
AND IMPLEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS.   RAD RELIES
ON EXTENSIVE USER INVOLVEMENT, JOINT APPLICATION
DESIGN SESSIONS, PROTOTYPING, AND USE OF CASE
TOOLS.  
13
MARTINS FOUR PILLARS FOR THE RAD APPROACH

• TOOLS
• METHODOLOGY
• PEOPLE
• MANAGEMENT

14
MARTINS FOUR-PHASE RAD LIFE CYCLE

• REQUIREMENT PLANNING
• USER DESIGN
• CONSTRUCTION
• CUTOVER