The European Spallation Source

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The European Spallation Source
Bob Cywinski

• Chairman of the European Neutron Scattering
  Association, ENSA
• and
• School of Physics and Astronomy
• University of Leeds

Daresbury Laboratory 27 June 2001
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Why neutrons?
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Why neutrons?

• Neutrons have wavelengths comparable to
  interatomic spacings (1-5 Å)
• Neutrons have energies comparable to structural
  and magnetic excitations (1-100 meV)
• Neutrons are deeply penetrating (bulk samples can
  be studied)
• Neutrons are scattered with a strength that
  varies randomly from element to element (and
  isotope to isotope)
• Neutrons have a magnetic moment
• Neutrons interact only weakly with matter
• (so the theory is easy!)
• Neutron scattering is therefore an ideal probe of
  
• magnetic and atomic structures and excitations

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Length scales
Length scale in nm 0.01 0.1 0.3
1.0 3.0 10
30 100
atomic and magnetic structures
internal strain
organic molecules magnetic defects
pharmaceuticals supermolecules

surfaces and multilayers viruses
inhomogeneities
cracks and voids micelles
critical phenomena
proteins
polymers
0.1 0.3 1.0 2.0 neutron wavelength in nm
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Time and energy scales
Time scale (seconds) 10-13
10-7
CsVCl3
Fe
Crystal fields magnons and phonons
spin relaxation single particle spin
fluctuations tunneling
polymer reptation excitations
diffusion glassy dynamics
molecular excitations libration
Excitation energy (eV) 1 10-1
10-2 10-3
10-6 10-9
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Neutron scattering - an expanding field
2000
1990
1980
1970
1960
1950
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
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Progress in neutron production
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ILL - the world-leading reactor source
Institut Laue Langevin, Grenoble A 58MW High
Flux research reactor optimised for neutron
studies of condensed matter The most powerful
steady state neutron source in the world Jointly
owned by Britain, France and Germany (with
Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Spain and Russia as
minor partners)
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ISIS - the world-leading pulsed source
ISIS (RAL)
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A Golden Age?
Since 1970 Europe has been able to claim a world
lead in neutron scattering ... and hence a
strategic advantage in all fields of condensed
matter science
Europe not only boasts the worlds premier
neutron sources it also hosts the largest most
experienced and broadest based community of
neutron beam users in the world
Almost 5000 neutron scatterers - over 2/3 of the
worlds total number, reside in Europe and use
European facilities
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The ENSA survey (1996)
The European neutron scattering community by
discipline
ISBN 2-912049-00-8
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The ENSA survey (1996)
The European neutron scattering community by beam
usage
ISBN 2-912049-00-8
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AUTRANS Report (1996)
ESF Endorsement of European Neutron Science The
RTD community of neutron users in Europe is
large, distinguished, vibrantly active and
representative of almost every discipline in the
physical sciences, as well as molecular biology
and engineering. Finding the optimum means to
address the continuing needs of this wide and
strategically important RD community group in
both the medium and long term within the
scientific-technical-strategic and economic
opportunities in Europe should be a matter of the
highest priority, ensuring the health of many
fields of European RTD and the European lead
achieved in the past.
ISBN 2-903148-90-2
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The ENSA survey (1996)
The European neutron scattering community by
source type
ISBN 2-912049-00-8
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But.the OECDs neutron drought
OECD predictions
Because of the imminent closure of many aging
reactors and a continuing growth of the neutron
scattering community a neutron drought was
predicted in a 1994 Analytical Report
commissioned by the OECD Megascience Forum
(The Riso research reactor - a major European
neutron source - was closed unexpectedly in
September 2000)
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And.the OECDs recommendations
(endorsed by the OECD Ministerial Conference)
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The American response
The USA has responded to the OECD recommendations
by (a) commencing a major upgrade of the HIFR
reactor at Oak Ridge (b) commencing
construction, at Oak Ridge, of a 2MW Spallation
Neutron Source (SNS) at a cost of 1.3b
Although Oak Ridge national Laboratory was the
site of the worlds first experiments in neutron
scattering, the worlds leading neutron source is
no longer in the United States it is now in
Europe. A new Spallation Neutron Source will
change that. Given the medical, scientific,
economic and enviromental benefits available
through neutron science it would be irresponsible
not to reclaim world leadership in this critical
field. Vice President Al Gore, 21 January
1998 (Office of the Vice President)
(Similarly Japan has also just begun construction
of a 1 MW Spallation Source)
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Progress in neutron sources
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SNS - the design
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SNS - the reality
The SNS projectis due for completion in 2006
May 2001
(The Japanese SNS is due for completion in 2007)
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The European situation
In line with the OECD recommendations, and to
satisfy the needs of the user community
The ILL has embarked on the Millenium Programme
- a programme of upgrading
instruments and infrastructure and also
of developing new instrumentation
(particularly for the life sciences
and engineering)
In Germany the newly constructed FRM-II is
awaiting commissioning - FRM-II
is a 20MW research reactor with an entirely new
instrumentation suite
In the UK ISIS has planned a second target
station - ISIS-II - although
operating at only 1/10 the frequency of the
primary target station ISIS-II will double
the number of ISIS instruments and offer
substantial gains in intensity in
several classes of instrumentation
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ISIS-II
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The European situation
In line with the OECD recommendations, and to
satisfy the needs of the user community
The ILL has embarked on the Millenium Programme
- a programme of upgrading
instruments and infrastructure and also
of developing new instrumentation
(particularly for the life sciences
and engineering)
In Germany the newly constructed FRM-II is
awaiting commissioning - FRM-II
is a 20MW research reactor with an entirely new
instrumentation suite
In the UK ISIS has planned a second target
station - ISIS-II - although
operating at only 1/10 the frequency of the
primary target station ISIS-II will double
the number of ISIS instruments and offer
substantial gains in intensity in
several classes of instrumentation
These initiatives are crucial - they will help
combat the impending neutron drought whist also
offering substantial gains in the quality of
neutron scattering science
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History of the European Spallation Source
The European Spallation Source project was
initially conceived in 1992 in response to the
growing demands of condensed matter science
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Progress in neutron sources
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History of the European Spallation Source
The European Spallation Source project was
initially conceived in 1992 in response to the
growing demands of condensed matter science
Ironically, the ESS study provided the basis for
the scientific and technical case for the SNS
From 1996-2000 the ESS project entered a further
RD phase.
...but with little progress towards realisation
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The ESS today -collaborations
CNRS (F)
JINR Dubna (R)
AI Seibersdorf (A)
CE Saclay (F)
FZ Jülich (D)
Univ. Durham (GB)
CIEMAT Madrid (E)
HMI Berlin (D)
Univ. Frankfurt (D)
Rutherford Appl. Lab. (GB)
Univ. Uppsala (S)
Risø Nat. Lab. (DK)
PSI Würenlingen (CH)
INFM - Rome (I)
CNR Parma (I)
15 Institutions 10 European countries
6 US/Japan/Europ. Collaborations on
target/moderator
IRI Delft (NL)
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ESS organisation
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The European Neutron Scattering Association
ENSA is an umbrella organization of 16 national
neutron user groups and societies Austria, Czech
Republic and Slovakia, Denmark, France, Germany,
Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United
Kingdom plus observers from Belgium, Portugal,
Greece and Romania
Since its inception in 1994 ENSA has worked
closely with the European Science Foundation in
evaluating the role of neutron scattering science
within Europe
At the May 2001 ENSA meeting in Oslo, the
national delegates to ENSA agreed a European
Neutron Landscape within which the ESS project
was unanimously endorsed
ENSA has thereby provided the strongest
bottom-up support for the ESS
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Memorandum of Extension, Berlin, May 2000
At its meeting in Berlin on 24 May 2000 the new
European Spallation Source Council stated that
The objective is to design and construct a
European next generation spallation source that
upon completion will be the best neutron source
world wide for all classes of instruments
and made a commitment to deliver a fully costed
ESS project proposal to the European governments
in 2003 with the following targets to 2002
1. Feasibility study of Multi Application,
Facility MAF (CEA )
4. Increase ESSs visibility and position in the
debates on large scale scientific facilities in
Europe
5. To cooperate with ENSA and the Neutron Round
Table on a neutron road map for Europe
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ESS-SAC/ENSA Workshop, May 2001
The workshop, held in Engelberg, was supported by
the ESF and involved 70 scientists from all fields
It has provided a decisive step towards the final
definition of the configuration of the ESS and
the optimum choice of the neutronic parameters
for the target stations and instrumentation..
based upon the projected ambitious scientific
demands of the physics, chemistry, and materials,
engineering, earth and life science communities
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Scientific challenges
Solid State Physics
Liquids and Glasses
Fundamental Physics
Soft Condensed Matter
Biology and Biotechnology
Materials Science and Engineering
Chemical Structure, Kinetics and Dynamics
Earth and Environmental Science, Cultural Heritage
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Summary
In half a century we have developed neutron
scattering science enormously with an effective
gain in source performance of only a factor of 4
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Summary
In half a century we have developed neutron
scattering science enormously with an effective
gain in source performance of only a factor of 4
The ESS offers gains in effective performance of
between 10 and 100 over all existing neutron
sources
but even if European governments approve the
project in 2003, the ESS will not be operational
until 2011
..five years after the SNS
and JSNS
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Finally..
The ESS as a neutron matterscope...
..enabling us to see more deeply into matter
than ever before