The Opiates, Smack, H and Tylenol III.

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The Opiates, Smack, H and Tylenol III.

• Psychology 3506

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(No Transcript)
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Introduction

• Anything like Opium (Morphine)
• Opiates are natural
• Opioids are all
• Narcotic Analgesics
• Sleep, no pain
• Narcotic has a legal meaning, so this is rarely
  used any more

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Introduction

• So, there are natural and man made ones
• Sap from poppy seeds
• Morphine
• Codeine
• Heroin
• diacetylmorphine
• 10 times as lipid soluble
• semisynthetic

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Introduction

• Synthetics
• Methadone
• LAHM
• Levorphanol
• phenozocine
• Longer lasting
• Usually taken orally

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A Little History

• The Sumerians called it the joy plant
• Used extensively in classical medicine
• In 1644 the Chinese Emperor banned tobacco
• So everyone started smoking opium!
• By the early 1800s the Brits loved it
• They still do

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A Little History

• 1875 UK consumption was 10 PUNDS / 1000 people!
• Morphine caught on
• Temperance movement
• Only physicians and pharmacists could sell it
• In the US consumption was higher (13 lb)
• Civil War

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Administration and Distribution

• Parenterally injected, best route to the brain
• Oral administration is slow
• First pass metabolism
• Easy to keep relatively constant levels
• Great for analgesia

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Administration and Distribution

• Crosses Blood brain and placental barriers
• Some metabolites are also psychoactive
• Heroin is faster
• Monoacetylmorphine

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Hows it work?

• Even before the receptor was found it was pretty
  clear there was one
• Molecular configuration related to effect
• Must be endorphins too
• Receptor sites discovered, six month later,
  enkephalins and endorphins discovered
• Beta lipotropin in pituitary

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Hows it Work?

• Endorphins are found in vessicles
• One of the key indications that you have a
  neurotransmitter on your hands
• They interfere with NE Ach and DA
• Modulatory properties

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Opiate Receptors

• Three or four types
• Mu
• Throughout limbic system
• HP and amygdila
• Thalamus and locus coeruleus
• Responsible for most interesting effects
• Weak attraction great effect

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Opiate Receptors

• Delta Receptor
• Limbic system too, but do not overlap with mu
• Cortex
• Hypothalamus
• Nucleus accumbens
• Medulla
• Many antipsychotic drugs work on delta receptors

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Opiate Receptors

• Kappa Receptor
• Nucleus accumens
• VTA
• Hypothalamus
• Thalamus
• Sigma Receptor
• Not just opioids
• Psychotic symptoms

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Opiate Receptors

• Periaqueductal Grey area is full of opiate
  receptors
• When in pain, these are stimulated
• Amygdila
• emotion
• Respiratory, cough and vomit centres
• REWARD SYTEM!!!!!!!
• Well, there has to be some good reason to put a
  needle in your arm.

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Effects

• Nausea
• Constriction of pupils
• Disrupts digestive coordination
• Drop in sex hormones
• Decrease in REM
• Vivid daydreams though
• rush

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Effects

• Psychiatric like symptoms
• Increase in SMA in small does
• Decrease with large does
• Spontaneous social behaviour ()
• Low Does
• FI increase FR decrease
• High Does
• Both go down

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Effects

• Monkey, rats, will work for it
• Can be discriminated from other opiates
• Can be generalized to other opiates

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Tolerance and Withdrawal

• Tolerance develops quickly
• No surprise here
• Withdrawal bad, but not as bad as sleeping pills
  or martinis
• 6-30 hr
• restless
• Hot flashes
• Goose bumps
• Jerky breathing
• Puking et al
• Kicking the habit

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Self Administration

• chipping
• Maturing out
• Titrated when available
• Injected, snorted smoked
• Monkeys will mainline morphine!

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If its this fun, it cant be good for you

• Coma
• No surprise here
• OD
• Cut with bad stuff
• Loss of tolerance (shooting gallery effect
• Mixing with other respiratory depressants

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More Bad Stuff

• Constipation
• Cancer?
• Lifestyle
• You get it from criminals
• You share needles
• You get AIDS (21 of IV drug users in the States
  also are HIV positive)

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Just Say no to Heroin

• Reproductive effects
• Sex hormones drop
• Low birthweight babies
• Welcome to Earth, this is your mother, this is
  your father, the withdrawal symptoms will be over
  in a couple of days.
• More illnesses after birth

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Treatement

• Willpower
• Synanon
• Antagonist Therapy
• Maintenance
• Methadone
• British System
• LAAM