On Turkey

1
On Turkey

• Facts, history, economic policies, problems and
  future

2
Plan of presentation

• 1. Facts
• 2. Historical developments
• 3. Economic policies from 1908 to 2005
• 4. Current Problems
• - Economic-social
• - Political
• 5. Future

3
1. Facts
4

• Area total 780,580 sq km land 770,760 sq km
  water 9,820 sq km
• Area comparative slightly larger than Texas
• Land boundaries
• total 2,648 km order countries Armenia 268 km,
  Azerbaijan 9 km, Bulgaria 240 km, Georgia 252 km,
  Greece 206 km, Iran 499 km, Iraq 352 km, Syria
  822 km
• Coastline 7,200 km Maritime claims territorial
  sea 6 NM in the Aegean Sea 12 NM in Black Sea
  and in Mediterranean
• Climate temperate hot, dry summers with mild,
  wet winters harsher in interior
• Terrain high central plateau (Anatolia) narrow
  coastal plain several mountain ranges
• Elevation extremes
• lowest point Mediterranean Sea 0 m highest
  point Mount Ararat 5,166 m
• Natural resources
• coal, iron ore, copper, chromium, antimony,
  mercury, gold, barite, borate, celestite
  (strontium), emery, feldspar, limestone,
  magnesite, marble, perlite, pumice, pyrites
  (sulfur), clay, arable land, hydropower

5

• Land use arable land 34.53
• permanent crops 3.36
• other 62.11 (1998 est.)
• Irrigated land 42,000 sq km (1998 est.)
• Natural hazards very severe earthquakes,
  especially in northern Turkey, along an arc
  extending from the Sea of Marmara to Lake Van
• Environment - current issues water pollution
  from dumping of chemicals and detergents air
  pollution, particularly in urban areas
  deforestation concern for oil spills from
  increasing Bosporus ship traffic
• Environment - international agreements party
  to Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty,
  Biodiversity, Desertification, Endangered
  Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer
  Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but
  not ratified Environmental Modification
• Geography - strategic location controlling the
  Turkish Straits (Bosporus, Sea of Marmara,
  Dardanelles) that link Black and Aegean Seas.
• Population 68,893,918 (July 2004 est.)
• Age structure 0-14 years 26.6 (male
  9,328,108 female 8,990,742) 15-64 years
  66.8 (male 23,394,465 female 22,650,532) 65
  years and over 6.6 (male 2,078,881 female
  2,451,190)
• Population growth rate 1.13

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• Birth rate 17.22 births/1,000 population
  (2004 est.)
• Death rate 5.95 deaths/1,000 population (2004
  est.)
• Net migration rate 0 migrant(s)/1,000
  population (2004 est.)
• Sex ratio at birth 1.05 male(s)/female
  under 15 years 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64
  years 1.03 male(s)/female 65 years and over
  0.85 male(s)/female total population 1.02
  male(s)/female (2004 est.)
• Infant mortality rate
• total 42.62 deaths/1,000 live births
• male 46.3 deaths/1,000 live births
• female 38.76 deaths/1,000 live births (2004
  est.)
• Life expectancy at birth
• total population 72.08 years
• male 69.68 years
• female 74.61 years (2004 est.)
• Total fertility rate
• 1.98 children born/woman (2004 est.)
• HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate
• less than 0.1 - note no country specific
  models provided
• HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS NA
• HIV/AIDS deaths NA

7

• Nationality
• noun Turk(s) adjective Turkish
• Ethnic groups
• Turkish 80, Kurdish 20 (estimated)
• Religions
• Muslim 99.8 (mostly Sunni), other 0.2 (mostly
  Christians and Jews)
• Languages
• Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic, Armenian,
  Greek
• Literacy
• definition age 15 and over can read and write
  total population 86.5 male 94.3 female
  78.7 (2003 est.)
• Country name
• conventional long form Republic of Turkey
  conventional short form Turkey local long
  form Turkiye Cumhuriyeti local short form
  Turkiye
• Government type
• republican parliamentary democracy (with a
  National Security Council)
• Capital Ankara
• Administrative divisions 81 provinces (iller,
  singular - il) Adana, Adiyaman, Afyon, Agri,
  Aksaray, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Ardahan,
  Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Bartin, Batman,
  Bayburt, Bilecik, Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur,
  Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli,
  Diyarbakir, Duzce, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan,
  Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep, Giresun,
  Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Igdir, Isparta,
  Istanbul, Izmir, Kahramanmaras, Karabuk, Karaman,
  Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kilis, Kirikkale,
  Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya,
  Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mersin, Mugla, Mus,
  Nevsehir, Nigde, Ordu, Osmaniye, Rize, Sakarya,
  Samsun, Sanliurfa, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas,
  Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon, Tunceli, Usak, Van,
  Yalova, Yozgat, Zonguldak

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• Independence 29 October 1923 (successor state
  to the Ottoman Empire)
• Constitution 7 November 1982
• Legal system derived from various European
  continental legal systems accepts compulsory ICJ
  jurisdiction, with reservations
• Suffrage 18 years of age universal
• Executive branch
• chief of state President Ahmet Necdet SEZER
  (since 16 May 2000) head of government Prime
  Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (14 March 2003)
  cabinet Council of Ministers appointed by the
  president on the nomination of the prime
  minister
• Note a National Security Council serves as an
  advisory body to the government composed of top
  military and cabinet officials and presided over
  by the president
• elections president elected by the National
  Assembly for a seven-year term election last
  held 5 May 2000 (next to be held NA May 2007)
  prime minister and deputy prime ministers
  appointed by the president

9

• Legislative branch unicameral Grand National
  Assembly of Turkey or Turkiye Buyuk Millet
  Meclisi (550 seats members are elected by
  popular vote to serve five-year terms)
• elections last held 3 November 2002 (next to
  be held NA 2007) note - a special rerun of the
  General Election in the province of Siirt on 9
  March 2003 resulted in the election of Recep
  Tayyip ERDOGAN to a seat in parliament, a
  prerequisite for becoming prime minister on 13
  March 2003.
• election results percent of vote by party -
  AKP 34.3, CHP 19.4, DYP 9.6, MHP 8.3, ANAP
  5.1, DSP 1.1, and others seats by party - AKP
  363, CHP 178, independents 9 note - parties
  surpassing the 10 threshold are entitled to
  parliamentary seats seats by party as of 15
  October 2003 - AKP 368, CHP 175, DYP 3, LDP 1,
  independents 3
• Flag description
• red with a vertical white crescent (the closed
  portion is toward the hoist side) and white
  five-pointed star centred just outside the
  crescent opening

10

• Economy overview
• Turkey's dynamic economy is a complex mix of
  modern industry and commerce along with a
  traditional agriculture sector that in 2001 still
  accounted for 40 of employment.
• It has a strong and rapidly growing private
  sector, yet the state still plays a major role in
  basic industry, banking, transport, and
  communication. The most important industry - and
  largest exporter - is textiles and clothing,
  which is almost entirely in private hands.
• In recent years the economic situation has been
  marked by erratic economic growth and serious
  imbalances. Real GNP growth has exceeded 6 in
  many years, but this strong expansion has been
  interrupted by sharp declines in output in 1994,
  1999, and 2001.
• Meanwhile, the public sector fiscal deficit has
  regularly exceeded 10 of GDP - due in large part
  to the huge burden of interest payments, which
  accounted for more than 40 of central government
  spending in 2003.
• Inflation, in recent years in the high
  double-digit range, fell to 18.4 in 2003.
• Foreign direct investment in Turkey remains low
  - less than 1 billion annually.
• In late 2000 and early 2001 a growing trade
  deficit and serious weaknesses in the banking
  sector plunged the economy into crisis - forcing
  Turkey to float the lira and pushing the country
  into recession. Results in 2002-03 were much
  better and healthy growth continued through 2004.

11

• GDP purchasing power parity - 455.3 billion
  (2003.)
• GDP - real growth rate 5 (2003.)
• GDP - per capita purchasing power parity -
  6,700 (2003.)
• GDP - composition by sector
• agriculture 11.9 Industry 29.6 services
  58.5 (2002.)
• Population below poverty line 18 (2001)
• Household income or consumption by percentage
  share
• lowest 10 2.3 highest 10 32.3 (1994)
• Distribution of family income - Gini index 44
  (2002)
• Inflation rate (consumer prices) 18.4 (Under
  10 under 2004.)
• Labor force 25.8 million about 1.2 million work
  abroad
• Labor force - by occupation
• agriculture 39.7, services 37.9, industry
  22.4 (3rd quarter, 2001)
• Unemployment rate
• 11.3 (plus underemployment of 6.1) (2003.)
• Budget
• revenues 42.4 billion expenditures
  69.1 billion, including capital expenditures
• Industries textiles, food processing, autos,
  mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron), steel,
  petroleum, construction, lumber, paper

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• Industrial production growth rate 6.7 (2003.)
• Electricity production 116.6 billion kWh
  (2001)
• Electricity consumption 112.6 billion kWh
  (2001)
• Oil production 48,000 bbl/day (2001.)
• Oil consumption 619,500 bbl/day (200.)
• Natural gas production 312 million cu m
  (2001)
• Natural gas consumption 15.94 billion cu m
  (2001.)
• Agriculture products tobacco, cotton,
  grain, olives, sugar beets, pulse, citrus
  livestock
• Exports 49.12 billion f.o.b. (2003.)
• Exports commodities apparel, foodstuffs,
  textiles, metal manufactures, transport equipment
• Exports partners Germany 16.6, US 9.2, UK
  8.5, Italy 6.4, France 6
• Imports 62.43 billion f.o.b. (2003 .)
• Imports commodities machinery, chemicals,
  semi-finished goods, fuels, transport equipment
• Imports partners Germany 13.7, Italy 8,
  Russia 7.5, US 6, France 6, UK 4.7,
  Switzerland 4.2
• Debt external 141.3 billion (Year end 2003)
• Currency New Turkish lira (YTL)
• Exchange rates New Turkish liras 0.76453 US
  dollar 5.39878 SEK 0.59459 Euro 0.40796
  British Pound.

13

• Telephones - main lines in use 18,914,900
  (2002)
• Telephones - mobile cellular 23,374,400 (2002)
• Telephone system
• general assessment undergoing rapid
  modernization and expansion, especially with
  cellular telephones domestic additional
  digital exchanges are permitting a rapid increase
  in subscribers the construction of a network of
  technologically advanced intercity trunk lines,
  using both fiber-optic cable and digital
  microwave radio relay is facilitating
  communication between urban centers remote areas
  are reached by a domestic satellite system the
  number of subscribers to mobile cellular
  telephone service is growing rapidly
  International country code - 90 international
  service is provided by three submarine
  fiber-optic cables in the Mediterranean and Black
  Seas, linking Turkey with Italy, Greece, Israel,
  Bulgaria, Romania, and Russia also by 12
  Intelsat earth stations, and by 328 mobile
  satellite terminals in the Inmarsat and Eutelsat
  systems (2002)
• Internet country code .tr
• Internet hosts 154,585 (2002)
• Internet users 4.9 million (2002)
• Railways total 8,607 km Standard gauge
  8,607 km 1.435-m gauge (2,131 km electrified)
  (2002)

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• Highways
• total 385,960 km paved 131,226 km (including
  1,749 km of expressways) unpaved 254,734 km
  (1999)
• Waterways 1,200 km (approximately)
• Pipelines gas 3,177 km oil 3,562 km (2003)
• Military branches
• Turkish Armed Forces (TSK) Land Forces, Naval
  Forces Command (includes Naval Air and Naval
  Infantry), Air Force, Coast Guard Command,
  Gendarmerie (Jandarma)
• The US have more than 101 military bases in
  Turkey
• Military manpower - military age 20 years of
  age (2004.)
• Military manpower availability males age
  15-49 19,828,702 (2004.)
• Military manpower - fit for military service
  males age 15-49 11,965,262 (2004.)
• Military manpower - reaching military age
  annually males 680,673 (2004.)
• Military expenditures - dollar figure 12.155
  billion (2003)
• Military expenditures - percent of GDP 5.3
  (2003)
• Army The second biggest army in the NATO after
  the US Army 1,2 million and have forces in
  Cyprus, Afghanistan and Iraq.

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• Disputes - domestic
• With Kurdish people for their
  economic-social-cultural rights (It is still
  limited the right to speak, to teach and to
  broadcast Kurdish)
• Disputes - international
• Complex maritime, air, and territorial disputes
  with Greece in the Aegean Sea
• Cyprus question remains with Greece
• Syria and Iraq protest Turkish hydrological
  projects to control upper Euphrates waters
• Turkey has expressed concern over the status of
  Kurds in Iraq
• Border with Armenia remains closed over
  Nagorno-Karabakh
• Illicit drugs
• Key transit route for Southwest Asian heroin to
  Western Europe and - to a far lesser extent the
  US - via air, land, and sea routes major
  Turkish, Iranian, and other international
  trafficking organizations operate out of Istanbul
  (during 1980-1999 Some Generals in the Turkish
  Army were organising this traffic) laboratories
  to convert imported morphine base into heroin are
  in remote regions of Turkey as well as near
  Istanbul government maintains strict controls
  over areas of legal opium poppy cultivation and
  output of poppy straw concentrate

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2. Historical developments

• 1900BC 323BC The Hittites dominated Anatolia
  from the Middle Bronze Age. Then the Persians
  invaded followed by Alexander the Great.
• 133BC 395AD The Romans ruled nearly five
  centuries. Emperor Constantine built a new
  capital Constantinople. Early Roman Capital of
  Asia Minor at Ephesus replaced by Constantinople
  in Anatolian Peninsula.
• 669 678 This Eastern Roman, or Byzantine,
  empire thrived under Emperor Justinian
  (527-565AD) until Muslim armies invaded from
  Arabia.
• 1071 - 1243 The first Turkic people, fleeing from
  Mongol Expansion at the steppes of Central Asia,
  arrived to Anatolia. These Seljuks fought off
  the Crusaders and the Mongols and gave rise to
  Ottomans. (The languages Turkish, Finnish and
  Hungarian belong to the same family.)

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• 1299 1914 By 1820 the Ottoman empire
  stretched from the Gulf to Vienna, all along the
  north coast of Africa, around the Red Sea and to
  the shores of the Caspian.
• 1914 1918 In 1915 approximately 1.3 Million
  Armenians died when the Turkish Army forcibly
  expelled them from Eastern Turkey. The British
  supported an Arab revolt against the Ottomans,
  who sided with Germany during the First World War
  After war, the League of Nations took over the
  Empire.
• 1920 1922 The Ottoman Empire fell as its
  subjects revolted. The Greeks invaded western
  Turkey and Greek forces advanced as far as Usak.
  General Mustafa Kemal organised Turkish and
  Kurdish forces to defend the heartland.
• 1923 The resistance reversed the Greek advance
  and retained Turkey. Mustafa, (known as
  Ataturk, father Turk) changed Turkey into a
  secular democracy. Capital moved to Ankara.
• 1939 1945 Turkey entered the second world war
  on the allied side shortly before its end. In
  1945 Turkey joined the UN, and in 1952 it became
  a member of NATO and sent soldiers to
  South-Korea, 3500 soldiers died.
• 1960 Military coup. (That was the only military
  coup which was not directed by the CIA.) The army
  staged an almost bloodless coup against the DP
  (Democratic Party) government. Civilian rule
  re-established in 1961.

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• 1971 The second military coup. The army took
  the power after signalling their
• intention in a series of memos against radical
  youth organisations.
• 1974 Turkey invaded northern Cyprus saying it
  was to protect Turkish Cypriots
• from a Greek Cypriot military takeover in the
  south of island the northern 37 percent of the
  island remains under Turkish Cypriot control.
  Decades of international disapproval followed but
  relations between the Turkey and Greece have
  improved greatly over the past few years.
• 1980 Another CIA directed military coup. The
  1982 constitution was accepted and more power
  given to the National Security Council in 1983.
• 1984-1999 Turkish army forces and state
  organised civil forces started an anti-guerrilla
  war against the Kurdistan Workers party members
  and Kurdish people. By 1999, 30000 were dead. The
  Kurdistan Workers Party - whose leader, Abdullah
  OCALAN, was captured by CIA and MOSSAD agents in
  Kenya in February 1999. Since then occasional
  clashes have occurred between Turkish security
  forces and armed PKK militants.
• 2004 Talks on membership of the European Union
  to start in October 2005 contingent on Turkish
  recognition of Cyprus.

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3. Economic policies from 1908 to 2005

• 1908-1922 Revolution and War years
• 1923-1929 Restructuring the economy in the open
  market conditions
• 1930-1939 Protective state industrialization
• 1940-1945 Break because of Second World War
• 1946-1953 A test of different type of
  connection with world economy
• 1954-1961 Stopping and re-harmony
• 1962-1979 Import substitutionist
  industrialization. (Domestically closed but
  internationally dependent growth and crisis.)
• 1980-1988 Commodity trade liberalization and
  export promotion Capitals attack against
  working people.
• 1989-2005 Post-financial liberalization

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4. Problems

• Economic-social problems
• Internal and Foreign Debts
• Unemployment
• Income inequality
• Political problems
• National Security Council
• Kurdish problem
• Cyprus
• EU membership

21
5. Future

• Future depends on the solution of problems
• Political problems require a cancellation of the
  National Security Council and a change of the
  1982 constitution which hinders peoples use of
  democratic rights.
• Economic-social problems require a restructuring
  of internal debts and control of capital
  movements, and changes in income distribution and
  employment policies.