Translation Patterns to Specify Processes in the PSL Ontology

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Translation Patterns to Specify Processes in the
PSL Ontology
5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling
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Context
Domain Manufacturing Process
PSL
Interoperation
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Definition

• An Ontology is a formal explicit specification
  of a shared conceptualization for a domain of
  interest
• T. Gruber A Translation Approach to Portable
  Ontology Specifications. In Knowledge
  Acquisition, Vol. 5, 1993, pp. 199-220.

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PSL Ontology

• PSL Process Specification Language
• Author National Institute for Standards and
  Technology (NIST http//www.nist.gov/)
• Domain of Application Manufacturing Processes.
• Sample of concepts and their relationships
  activity, activity occurrence, duration, object,
  sub-activity, consumes

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PSL Ontology

• Documentation http//www.mel.nist.gov/psl/
• Formalism First-Order Logic (FOL)
• Structure Layered FOL theories (lattice of
  theories related by extension).
• Language Knowledge Interchange Format (KIF)
  any FOL language would suffice (e.g. UMLs Object
  Constraint Language OCL).

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Example of a PSL Specification Simple
Sequential Process

• Consider a complex activity a, with primitive
  subactivities a1 and a2, respectively. Assume
  that we want to express the process characterized
  by occurrences of a1 followed by occurrences of
  a2, such that
• There are no occurrences before a1 and after a2.
• There are no occurrences of a between a1 and a2.

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Example of a PSL Specification Simple
Sequential Process

• 1(activity a)
• 2(activity a1)
• 3(activity a2)
• 4(subactivity a1 a)
• 5(subactivity a2 a)
• 6(primitive a1)
• 7(primitive a2)
• 8(forall (?occ_a)
• 9 (implies
• 10 (and (occurrence_of ?occ_a a)
• 11 (legal ?occ_a))
• 12 (exists (?occ_a1 ?occ_a2)
• 13 (and
• 14 (occurrence_of ?occ_a1 a1)
• 15 (legal ?occ_a1)
• 16 (occurrence_of ?occ_a2 a2)
• 17 (legal ?occ_a2)
• 18 (subactivity_occurrence ?occ_a1 ?occ_a)
• 19 (subactivity_occurrence ?occ_a2 ?occ_a)

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Example of a PSL Specification Simple
Sequential Process

• 1let a be an activity
• 2let a1 be an activity
• 3let a2 be an activity
• 4let a1 be a subactivity of a
• 5let a2 be a subactivity of a
• 6let a1 be primitive
• 7let a2 be primitive
• 8for all ?occ_a
• 9 if
• 10 ?occ_a is an occurrence of a and
• 11 ?occ_a is legal, then
• 12 there exist ?occ_a1, ?occ_a2, such that
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• 14 ?occ_a1 is an occurrence of a1, and
• 15 ?occ_a1 is legal, and
• 16 ?occ_a2 is an occurrence of a2, and
• 17 ?occ_a2 is legal, and
• 18 ?occ_a1 is a
• subactivity occurrence of ?occ_a, and

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This Paper

• Derives patterns that can be used to generate PSL
  specifications of processes comprised of
  activities, which can be complex/primitive, and
  are composed
• Sequentially.
• Concurrently.

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Questions?

• Thanks!

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The End
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Outline

• Starting with the Basics
• Definitions
• Examples/Applications
• Requirements
• Research Problems
• Summary
• References

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Starting with the Basics

• From the Merrian-Webster Dictionary
• Main Entry ontology Pronunciation
  än-'tä-l-jEFunction nounEtymology New Latin
  ontologia, from ont- -logia -logy1 a branch
  of metaphysics concerned with the nature and
  relations of being2 a particular theory about
  the nature of being or the kinds of existents-
  ontologist /-jist/ noun

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Definitions
Application Body of Concepts
Application Domain
Applications
Local Lingo
Applications
Local Lingo
Applications
Local Lingo
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Definitions
Application Domain Cooking
Appetizers Guacamole
Local Lingo Aguacate (L.A.)
Appetizers Guacamole
Local Lingo avocado (US, L.A.)
Appetizers Guacamole
Local Lingo Palta (Chile)
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Definitions
Application Body of Concepts
Application Domain
Applications
Local Lingo
Applications
Local Lingo
Ontology Common Lingo!
Applications
Local Lingo
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Definitions
Application Domain Cooking
Appetizers Guacamole
Local Lingo Aguacate (L.A.)
Appetizers Guacamole
Local Lingo avocado (US, L.A.)
Ontology Scientific Classification
Appetizers Guacamole
Local Lingo Palta (Chile)
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Definitions
Application Domain Cooking
Ontology Scientific Classification
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Definitions
Approaches to Interoperability
A1
A1
A2
A3
A2
A3
Ontology!
A4
A4
A5
A5
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Examples/Application

• Web Ontology Language OWL
• Resource Description Framework (RDF) and its
  vocabulary description language (RDFS RDF
  Scheme).
• DAMLOIL joint effort
• DARPA Agent Markup Language (US)
• Ontology Inference Language (ontoknowledge.org
  Sponsored by European Community)
• Fundamental Application Semantic Web

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Requirements

• Formalism-based
• Syntax and Semantics
• Model-based set theory, logic, algebras
• Ability to reason
• Use theorem provers, inference engines
• Ability to transport knowledge (domain-specific,
  lingo-neutral)
• Usability
• Humans do not directly use Ontologies, tools
  enable their use

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Research Problems

• Core (Domain-Independent)
• New Formalisms (RDF, RDFS, F-Logic, Ontology
  Algebras)
• Frameworks/Tools to engineer ontologies
  (ONTOCLEAN, OTKM).
• Domain-Dependent
• Medical
• Defense/Intelligence
• Manufacturing
• Software Engineering
• Semantic Web
• Modeling

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Summary

• Requirements
• Formalism-based
• Ability to reason
• Ability to transport knowledge (domain-specific,
  lingo-neutral)
• Usability
• Research
• Core research
• Applied research

A1
A2
A3
Ontology!
A4
A5
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References

• Many references embedded in the document as
  hyperlinks.
• S. Staab, R. Studer (Editors) Handbook of
  Ontologies. Springer-Verlag, 2004.
• T. Berners-Lee, J. Hendler, O. Lassila The
  Semantic Web. Scientific American, May 2001.