Reviso Histrica de Desenvolvimento em Fsica de Partculas e Nucleos

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Revisão Histórica de Desenvolvimento em Física
de Partículas e Nucleos
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Os primeiros passos

• 1986 - Descoberta de radioatividade de Urânio por
  Henri Becquerel (1852-1908)

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Descoberta de elétron
Joseph John Thomson (1856-1940)
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Nobel Lectures Joseph John Thomson (1856-1940)
Carriers of negative electricityNobel Lecture
in Physics, December 11, 1906. from
IntroductoryIn this lecture I wish to give an
account of some investigations which have led to
the conclusion that the carriers of negative
electricity are bodies, which I have called
corpuscles, having a mass very much smaller than
that of the atom of any known element, and are of
the same character from whatever source the
negative electricity may be derived. The first
place in which corpuscles were detected was a
highly exhausted tube through which an electric
discharge was passing. When an electric discharge
is sent through a highly exhausted tube, the
sides of the tube glow with a vivid green
phosphorescence. That this is due to something
proceeding in straight lines from the
cathode--the electrode where the negative
electricity enters the tube--can be shown in the
following way (the experiment is one made many
years ago by Sir William Crookes) A Maltese
cross made of thin mica is placed between the
cathode and the walls of the tube. When the
discharge is past, the green phosphorescence no
longer extends all over the end of the tube, as
it did when the cross was absent. There is now a
well-defined cross in the phosphorescence at the
end of the tube the mica cross has thrown a
shadow and the shape of the shadow proves that
the phosphorescence is due to something
travelling from the cathode in straight lines,
which is stopped by a thin plate of mica. The
green phosphorescence is caused by cathode rays
and at one time there was a keen controversy as
to the nature of these rays. Two views were
prevalent one, which was chiefly supported by
English physicists, was that the rays are
negatively electrified bodies shot off from the
cathode with great velocity the other view,
which was held by the great majority of German
physicists, was that the rays are some kind of
ethereal vibration or waves. The arguments in
favour of the rays being negatively charged
particles are primarily that they are deflected
by a magnet in just the same way as moving,
negatively electrified particles. We know that
such p
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Trabalhos de Curie-Curie-Becquerel
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THE DREAM BECOMES A REALITYTHE DISCOVERY OF
RADIUM by Marie Curie I HAVE already said that
in 1897 Pierre Curie was occupied with an
investigation on the growth of crystals. I myself
had finished, by the beginning of vacation, a
study of the magnetization of tempered steels
which had resulted in our getting a small
subvention from the Society for the Encouragement
of National Industry. Our daughter Ir?e was born
in September, and as soon as I was well again, I
resumed my work in the laboratory with the
intention of preparing a doctor's thesis. Our
attention was caught by a curious phenomenon
discovered in 1896 by Henri Becquerel. The
discovery of the X-ray by Roentgen had excited
the imagination, and many physicians were trying
to discover if similar rays were not emitted by
fluorescent bodies under the action of light.
With this question in mind Henri Becquerel was
studying uranium salts, and, as sometimes occurs,
came upon a, phenomenon different from that he
was looking for the spontaneous emission by
uranium salts of rays of a peculiar character.
This was the discovery of radioactivity. The
particular phenomenon discovered by Becquerel was
as follows uranium compound placed upon a
photographic plate covered with black paper
produces on that plate an impression analogous to
that which light would make. The impression is
due to uranium rays that traverse the paper.
These same rays can, like X-rays, discharge an
electroscope, by making the air which surrounds
it a conductor. Henri Becquerel assured himself
that these properties do not depend on a
preliminary isolation, and that they persist when
the uranium compound is kept in darkness during
several months. The next step was to ask whence
came this energy, of minute quantity, it is true,
but constantly given off by uranium compounds
under the form of radiations. The study of this
phenomenon seemed to us very attractive and all
the more so because the question was entirely new
and nothing yet had been written upon it. I
decided to undertake an investigation of it. It
was necessary to find a place in which to conduct
the experiments. My husband obtained from the
director of the School the authorization to use a
glassed-in study on the ground floor which was
then being used as a storeroom and machine shop.
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Descoberta de Partículas a e bE. Rutherford -
1989
Earnest Rutherford 1871-1937
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As primeiras idéias..
"The cause and origin of the radiation
continuously emitted by uranium and its salts
still remain a mystery. All the results that have
been obtained point to the conclusion that
uranium gives out types of radiation which, as
regards their effects on gases, are similar to
Röntgen rays and the secondary radiation emitted
by metals when Röntgen rays fall upon them. If
there is no polarization or refraction the
similarity is complete."
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Destinção de a, b, g
Ainda no ano 1900, não há magnet que pode desviar
o raio alfa emitido do Urânio. Rutherford em
1903, conseguiu mostrar com magnet mais forte na
epoca e também com o campo elétrico, o desvio do
raio alfa, e portanto concluindo como feixe de
partícula carregada.
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1900 Descoberta de g Paul Villard
Paul Villard 1860-1934
Identificado como radiação eletromagnética em
1914 por E. Rutherford
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Abertura da nova era
Max Planck 1858 - 1947
1900 Introdução de constante h Premio
Nobel 1918
1905 - Annus Mirabilis / A. Einstein
Efeito fotoelétrico Movimento
Browniano Relatividade Restrita
Premio Nobel 1921
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1908 Experimento de espalhamento de alfa por Au
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1H. Geiger and E. Marsden, Roy. soc. Proc. vol.
lxxxii. p. 495 (1909).2E. Rutherford, Phil. Mag.
vol. xxi. p. 669 (1911).
From the distribution obtained, the most probable
angle of scattering could be deduced, and it was
shown that the results could be explained on the
assumption that the deflexion of a single a
particle is the resultant of a large number of
very small deflexions caused by the passage of
the a particle, through the successive individual
atoms of the scattering substance. In an earlier
paper1, however, we pointed out that a particles
are sometimes turned through very large angles.
This was made evident by the fact that when a
particles fall on a metal plate, a small fraction
of them, about 1/1800 in the case of platinum,
appears to be diffusely reflected. This amount of
reflection, although small, is, however, too
large to be explained on the above simple theory
of scattering. It is easy to calculate from the
experimental data that the probability of a
deflection through an angle of 90 is vanishingly
small and different order to the value found
experimentally
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1909 Robert Millikan Medida da carga de
elétron Premio Nobel 1923
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Conferência Solvay Bruxela 1911
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• Espectro Contínuo de Eletron num decaimento
  beta
• J. Chadwick (1891-1971)

Estabelecimento de conceito sobre existência de
proton e sua identidade como nucleo de hidrogênio

• Wien
• J.J. Thomson
• Experimento de Rutherford

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Niles Bohr (1885-1962) 1913 - On the
Constitution of Atoms and Molecules,
Philosophical Magazine, and Journal of
Science Premio Nobel em 1922
A. Sommerfeld (1868 1951) 1915 - 1916
Generalização do modelo do Bohr. Surgimento da
Velha Mecânica Quântica
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A. H. Compton A Quantum Theory of the
Scattering of X-rays by Light Elements Washington
University, Saint Louis Phys. Rev. 21, 483
(1923) Received 13 December 1922 Premio Nobel 1927
Charls T. Wilson (1869-1959) Invenção de Camara
de Wilson Premio Nobel 1927
Louis Victor deBroglie  (1892 - 1987) 1924 Tese
de Doutoramento, Recherches sur la Théorie des
Quanta, Univ. Paris Premio Nobel 1929
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W. Heisenberg (1901-1976) 1925 "My entire meagre
efforts go toward killing off and suitably
replacing the concept of the orbital paths that
one cannot observe.." 1927 Princípio de
incerteza Premio Nobel em 1932
M. Born (1901-1976) 1925 Born-Jordan Z. fur
Physik 34 (1925) 858 1928 Interpretação
probabilistica Premio Nobel em 1954
1902-1980
1902-1980
Pascual Jordan 1902-1980
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Ervin Schrödinger (1887-1961) 1926 Equação de
Schrödinger 1927 Princípio de incerteza
Premio Nobel em 1932

• Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac (1902-1984)
• Tese Quantum Mechanics
• Relativistic Electron Theory
• 1930 Teoria de buracos, previsão de positron
• 1930 Principles of Quantum Mechanics
• Premio Nobel em 1932

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Phone call from Copenhagen to Berlin, 1926 Niels
Bohr Erwin, I don't get it. Here I had a nice
model that explains so much about the light
spectrum, black body radiation, the periodic
table of elements -- all the chemists were so
excited and, besides, it just looks so cool and
drawable. I can see high school teachers way in
the future drawing little balls in the center
with beads of electrons zipping around. What are
you doing messing in with your waves? Erwin
Schrodinger Niels, you gotta be kidding.
Everyone knows your model violates all the
traffic laws of nature. You've taken old man
Planck's quantum leaps one leap too far.
Particles jumping from one orbit to another
without traversing the space in between! I mean,
if something can leave one place and turn up
instantaneously in another, then anything could
happen! And if anything could happen, then what
are we scientists for? Niels Okay, so it's
weird. Life is weird, Erwin. And waves don't make
it any less so. Erwin Oh, yeah? Waves are the
classic model for all energy forms. Water waves.
Sound waves. Force waves. Light waves. That's the
way we've been explaining energy for years and
you crazy Danes have no right to change it!
Niels Waves in water I get. Same with waves in
the air. But waves in an atom are downright
ludicrous! You can't have waves without something
waving, Erwin! Erwin A detail. So you caught
me on a detail. Look, we figured everything else
out. We'll figure this one out eventually as
well. The main thing is we got rid of those
doggone quantum disappearing acts. Niels So
waves in the nothingness is okay. But
disappearing acts are not. Now if that isn't
arbitrary Erwin Niels, your buddy Albert
already established that energy and matter are
really the same stuff. So let's just do away with
this whole notion of matter and tiny beads in
orbit and say the whole world is made of energy.
And energy is waves. Niels Now there's no such
thing as matter. So exactly who's going too far
here? And another thing I want to know If there
aren't any electron particles, why is it my
Geiger counter registers a click when they hit?
Waves don't click, you know that Erwin. They
splash or buzz, but they don't click. And how do
you explain the whole black body radiation thing?
Erwin You are the one going too far, Niels.
Because I know just where you're going with all
this. First you have them disappearing from one
place and appearing elsewhere. Then you'll tell
us they could be anywhere, their position and
velocity is just an array of possibilities. And
if they could be anywhere, then all of causality
breaks down. I know what your pet whippersnapper
student, Heisenberg is up to, Niels. No longer
will we be able to say that this happened because
that happened. And if all those things are gone,
then, gevald Niels! Why are we scientists?
Listen, Niels, electrons are energy. Energy is
waves. Waves are the wave of the future. You got
problems with it, go work it out. But don't go
tearing down the basic laws of physics with
particles that act like ghosts. Niels They're
particles. Erwin They're waves. Niels
Particles. Erwin In the name of the
Motherland, they are waves! Niels Your
Motherland wears army boots. Now get your tushy
up here to Copenhagen and we'll have it out like
men, face to face. Erwin Danishes at two feet?
Niels Math at ten inches.
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Satyendra Nath Bose 1894-1974 1920 Dedução de
Distribuição de Planck Usando a estatistica de
partícuas identicas 1925 Einstein publica o
artigo.
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1910-1995) 1930
Limit de Chandrasekhar Eddington No such
things.... Premio Nobel em 1983
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Wolfgang Pauli (1900-1958)
1924 Proposta de Princípio de Exclusão, Grau de
liberdade de spin 1926 decução de espectro de
hidrogênio usando a teoria de Heisenberg 1927
Invenção de Matrizes de Pauli 1930 Proposta de
partícula neutra não observãvel no decaimento de
beta. 1940 Prova de teorema de
Spin-estatistica Premio Nobel em 1945
Enrico Fermi (1901-1954)
1926 Estatistica de Fermi 1934 Construção de
Teoria de decaimento beta, Fermi
interaction Premio Nobel em 1938 Reações
nucleares com neutrons
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Início de Física Nuclear
1932 Descoberta de neutrons
James Chadwick (1891-1974)
1932 Trabalhos de Heisenberg sobre a estrutura
nuclear
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Relatividade e Mecanica Quântica
1930 P.A. M. Dirac
Positron
Physical Review 43, 491 (1933).
Carl D. Anderson (1905-1991)
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Os primeiros passos de Teoria Quantica de Campos
1937 Propsta de píons para explicar a força
nuclear
Hideki Yukawa (1907-1981)
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Descobertas de partículas novas
1937 J. C. Street and E. C. Stevenson "New
Evidence for the Existence of a Particle
Intermediate Between the Proton and Electron"
Phys. Rev. 52, 1003 (1937). -gt muon
Descobertas de pion
1947 G.Ochialini, C. Lattes, C. Powell,
Cesar Lattes (1924-2005)
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Início da era de acceleradores
1939 750 KeV Cockroft-Walton (Cavendish Lab)
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Nucleon
Atomo
Moleculas
quarks
Núcleo
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Hadrons
Correlações quânticas de quarks e gluons no
Vácuo Físico da QCD
Mésons (Píons, Kaons..)
Barions (Protons, Neutrons..)
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RHIC / Brookhaven National Laboratoy - USA
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LHC/ CERN - Geneve
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Deteção de partículas finais - Phenix
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Explosão da materia produzida...
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Universo Primodial como a panela de pressão
(estamos dentro dela)
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Imagem atual do Universo
Histórico
Superstrings, Quantum Gravituy
Formação de grande escala
Standard Model
3K Blackbody radiation
Photon Freezeout
QCD
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Astrofísica de altas energias
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Antes
Depois
SN1987-a
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Supernova 1998S no NGC 3877
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pulsar
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Estrutura de estrela de neutrons