Module 25

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• Module 25
• Storage Retaining Information

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Sensory Memory
Short Term Memory
Long Term Memory
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Sensory Memory
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Storage Sensory Memory

• Visual persistence ? the beginning of memory
• Characteristics of Sensory Memory
• Large Capacity
• Very brief in duration (3-5 sec.)
• Two types visual (iconic) and auditory (echoic)

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StorageRetaining Information

• Iconic Memory
• a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli
• a photographic or picture image memory lasting no
  more that a few tenths of a second
• Echoic Memory
• momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli

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SPERLING (1960) SENSORY MEMORY On the next
slide, you will first see a letter X which will
disappear and be replaced by 12 letters and
numbers flashed briefly on the screen. To prepare
to see the letters and numbers, focus on the X.
As soon as you see the letters and numbers, write
down all of the letters and numbers you remember.
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WHOLE REPORT Heres where the letters and numbers
will appear when I flash them. The next slide
will provide you a place to focus your attention.
Keep your eyes on the X on the next slide and
I will flash the letters and numbers.
X X X X X X X X X X X X
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X
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B 5 Q T 2 H S 9 O 4 M Y
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(No Transcript)
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B 5 Q T 2 H S 9 O 4 M Y
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PARTIAL REPORT NO DELAY. For the next
demonstration, I will ask you to report only the
Top, Middle, or Bottom row. The row to report
will be identified by arrows IMMEDIATELY when you
see the letters.
gt X X X X lt X X X X X X X X
gt REPORT THIS ROW lt
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X
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2 V 9 R Q M 7 L gt K H 5 F lt
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2 V 9 R Q M 7 L gt K H 5 F lt
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2 V 9 R Q M 7 L gt K H 5 F lt
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PARTIAL REPORT SLIGHT DELAY. For the next
demonstration, I will ask you to report only the
Top, Middle, or Bottom row. The row to report
will be set off by arrows ONLY AFTER you have
seen the letters.
gt X X X X lt X X X X X X X X
gt gt X X X X lt lt X X X X X X X X
gt gt X X X X lt lt X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X gt X X X X lt
X X X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X gt X X X X lt X X X X
gt REPORT THIS ROW lt
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X
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G 1 W K Z A 3 8 7 U X P
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G 1 W K gt Z A 3 8 lt 7 U X P
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G 1 W K Z A 3 8 7 U X P
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Attention

• In order to get information from sensory memory
  to STM must pay attention.
• Ability to ignore lots of information
• Ability to automatically process information

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STROOP EFFECT On the next slide, you will see a
column of letters in green, red, and blue. Your
task is to whisper the names of the COLORS as
fast as you can from the top to the bottom of the
column. Ignore the letters themselves, just
WHISPER THE NAME THE COLORS. When you finish,
note the number at the bottom of the screen,
which represents the time, in seconds, it took
you to finish the list.
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LIST 1
XXXXX XXXX XXXX XXX XXXXX XXXXX XXX XXXX XXX XXXX
XXXXX XXX
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LIST 2
CUP DESK TABLE CUP TABLE TABLE CUP DESK TABLE DESK
DESK CUP
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LIST 3
GREEN RED GREEN RED BLUE GREEN BLUE RED BLUE RED G
REEN BLUE
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LIST 4
GREEN RED BLUE RED BLUE RED GREEN BLUE BLUE GREEN
RED GREEN
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(No Transcript)
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Stroop Effect

• With experienced adult readers, automatic
  processing tends to occur causing interference in
  the processing of information and a significant
  increase in the time required to name the colors.

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Attention

• In order to get information from sensory memory
  to STM must pay attention.
• Ability to ignore lots of information
• Ability to automatically process information

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StorageShort-Term Memory

• Short-Term Memory
• limited in duration and capacity
• magical number 7/-2

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SHORT-TERM MEMORY SPAN You will see a series of
letters, one at a time, followed instructions to
write down the letters you saw in the exact order
they appeared. Do not write anything until you
see the instructions.
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TRIAL 1
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B
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Z
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T
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K
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Write the letters in exact order
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B Z T K
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TRIAL 2
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D
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J
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R
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N
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Q
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P
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Write the letters in exact order
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D J R N Q P
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TRIAL 3
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M
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T
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X
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V
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L
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C
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S
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R
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F
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H
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Write the letters in exact order
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M T X V L C S R F H
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TRIAL 4 (Can you remember 14 letters?)
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F
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R
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O
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G
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B
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A
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T
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P
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I
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G
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D
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U
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C
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K
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Write the letters in exact order
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F R O G B A T P I G D U C K
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Storage Short-term Memory

• Number Activity

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StorageLong-Term Memory

• How does storage work?
• Karl Lashley (1950)
• rats learn maze
• lesion cortex
• test memory
• Synaptic changes
• Long-term Potentiation
• increase in synapses firing potential after
  brief, rapid stimulation
• Strong emotions make for stronger memories
• some stress hormones boost learning and retention

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StorageLong-Term Memory

• Amnesia--the loss of memory
• Explicit Memory
• memory of facts and experiences that one can
  consciously know and declare
• also called declarative memory
• hippocampus-(HM)-neural center in limbic system
  that helps process explicit memories for storage
• Implicit Memory
• retention independent of conscious recollection
• also called procedural memory

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Storage Long-Term Memory Subsystems
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StorageLong-Term Memory

• MRI scan of hippocampus (in red)