Water Availability

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Water Availability

• Transboundary Water Resources

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Global Water Resources
Total 1,386,000,000 km3 Fresh 35,029,000 km3
(2.5 of total)
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Global Water Cycle
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Global Water Availability
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Population and Water Use
global freshwater use is 4000 km3/year 10 of
the renewable supply (44,800km3/year)
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Global Water Withdrawal
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Global Water Use
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(No Transcript)
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Water Supply and Sanitation

• In 2002
• 1.1 billion people lacked access to improved
  water sources (17 of the global population)
• Of those, nearly two thirds live in Asia (733
  million people)
• In sub-Saharan Africa, 42 of the population is
  without improved water
• 2.6 billion people lacked access to improved
  sanitation (42 of the worlds population)
• Over half of those live in China and India
  (nearly 1.5 billion people)
• In sub-Saharan Africa, sanitation coverage is
  only 36.
• In developing countries, 69 of rural dwellers
  lack access to improved sanitation, as opposed
  27 of urban dwellers.

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Water Supply and Sanitation

• Diarrhoea (WHO 2004)
• 1.8 million people die every year from diarrhoeal
  diseases (including cholera) 90 are children
  under 5, mostly in developing countries
• 88 of diarrhoeal disease is attributed to unsafe
  water supply, inadequate sanitation and hygiene
• Improved access to water supply and sanitation
  can reduce diarrhoea morbidity
• Water supply 6 25 (108,000 450,000
  people)
• Sanitation 32 (576,000 people)
• Total 1.026 million

http//www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/disease
s/burden/en/index.html
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Poverty and Development

• gt 1 billion people live in extreme poverty (lt 1
  a day)
• Sub-Saharan Africa - gt 15 of every 100 children
  die before the age of 5
• Kenya - fertilizer costs gt 2x what it costs in
  France or the U.S.
• Ethiopia - so deforested that rural households
  cannot use manure as fertilizer because they need
  it as cooking fuel.
• In 2002 developed countries promised to give 210
  billion (0.7 of GNP) in ODA to end poverty
• 2005 - gave 107 billion (U.S. 28 bln)
• 2008 gave 120 billion (U.S. 26 bln)
• 2015 need 195 billion

4.3 bln for WSS
http//www.unmillenniumproject.org/resources/fastf
acts_e.htm http//stats.oecd.org/qwids
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Challenges U.S. Response

• Whats the problem?
• Lack of capacity
• Competing interests
• Decentralization
• Its not all about water
• Its also about political will, governance, and
  globalization
• Senator Paul Simon Water for the Poor Act 2005
• Recognizes importance of water and codified the
  internationally agreed goals (MDGs)
• Objectives of U.S. strategy
• Increase access to, and effective use of, safe
  water and sanitation

http//www.state.gov/documents/organization/125643
.pdf
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International River Basins
Over 40 of the world lives in a shared basin
(263 of em)
GEO-3 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT OUTLOOK
http//www.unep.org/GEO/geo3/english/fig154.htm
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Water Wars? No.

• Harbingers of conflict that should be considered
  
• Unilateral development
• Internationalized basin
• No / ineffective institutions
• General animosity
• Downstream hegemony
• Some warning signs
• Large scale development
• Rapid changes
• Civil unrest

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Water in the International Arena

• We continuously read about the threat of "water
  wars" in the press, where one country is likely
  to use military force to achieve its objectives
  of water use.  
• Several international groups have warned of the
  threat of a "water crisis" looming in the coming
  century.
• Several area of the world are regularly mentioned
  as having tense negotiations over shared river
  basins Jordan, Ganges-Bramaputra, and
  Tigres-Euphrates.
• In US, shared water resources with Canada and
  Mexico are now under increased scrutiny and
  negotiation resulting from the environmental side
  agreement to the North American Free Trade
  Agreement.
• In EU, multiple water directives are being
  implemented across 25 nations.

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Domestic Water Use

• Survival 5 L/day
• Drinking, cooking, bathing, and sanitation 50 L
• United States 250 to 300 L (Includes yard
  watering)
• Netherlands 104 L
• Somalia 9 L
• 100-600 L/c/d (high-income)
• 50-100 L/c/d (low-income)
• 10-40 L/c/d (water scarce)

L/c/d liters per person per day
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Water Stress Index

• Based on human consumption
• linked to population growth
• Domestic requirement
• 100 L/c/d 40 m3/c/yr
• Associated agricultural, industrial energy
  need
• 20 x 40 m3/c/yr 800 m3/c/yr
• Total need
• 840 m3/c/yr
• about 1000 m3/c/yr

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Water Stress Index

• Water availability below 1,000 m3/c/yr
• chronic water related problems impeding
  development and harming human health
• Water sufficiency gt1700 m3/c/yr
• Water stress lt1700 m3/c/yr
• Water scarcity lt1000 m3/c/yr

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Water Service Level Health
Howard, G. and J. Bartram, Domestic Water
Quantity, Service Level and Health, Report
WHO/SDE/WSH/03.02, World Health Organization, 2003
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Water Stress (m3/person/year)