Identity and Conflict in the Balkans

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Identity and Conflict in the Balkans

• ILC 140
• Tenth and Eleventh Week

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Announcements

• Choose your paper topic
• Exam April 10
• Drakulic and Andric will be on final!

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Hall Issues

• Croatia
• Serbia
• Sarajevo
• Bosnia-Herzegovina
• Montenegro
• Kosovo
• Return to Croatia

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Ðindic Case

• New Prime Minister Zoran ivkovic
• Arrests
• Red Berets
• Miloevic associates
• Organized crime Zemun clan

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Ivan Stambolic (1936-2000)
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Slobodan Miloevic
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Two-Year Anniversary

• Arrested 4/1/2001
• Protests from October 2000
• Original charges corruption
• Then brought to ICTY

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International Criminal Tribunal for the former
Yugoslavia

• The Hague (Netherlands)
• Established May 1993 by UN Sec. Council
• Scope war crimes since 1991
• Maximum sentence life imprisonment
• Chief Prosecutor Carla Del Ponte (Swiss)
• 100 million yearly budget

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Mirjana Markovic
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Balkan Wars of 90s

• What are the problematic issues?
• Two wars
• Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia 1991-95
• Kosovo (Kosova) 1998-99
• Resolution
• Dayton Accords
• NATO

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Kosovo

• Pristina-capital
• Tito built it from village
• Built university

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Ferenc Moldoványis Childen of Kosovo 2000
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Damage

• Combatant
• Collateral (unintentional)

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Damage by combatants

• Military, political, institutional
• Civilian (ethnic cleansing rape)
• Self-inflicted
• Verification issues

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Goals and motives

• Protection of persecuted ethnic group
• Revenge for past wrongs
• Desire to restore lost kingdom
• Desire to impose religious uniformity

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Unforeseen consequences

• Ever expanding violence
• Acceptance of violence (people as numbers)
• Economic instability in region
• Mistakes (e.g., Chinese Embassy)
• Opportunities for other states
• World opinion (Balkan as pejorative)

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World opinion

• Does it matter?
• How is it constituted?

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Mythmaking

• Demonization
• Stereotyping
• Metaphors and frames (Lakoff)

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Lakoffs views

• Nations as people important metaphor
• Metaphors can hide important facts
• Metaphors can lead, even inspire behavior

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Lakoff 2

• Rational actor model
• self interest,
• gains, assets
• costs, losses
• Frames, models, metaphors more important than
  facts

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Lakoff 3

• Narratives very important
• self-defense story and
• rescue story
• dont let stories blind you to whats happening
• Good method for leaders keep asserting what you
  want people to believe frame will help them
  believe it.

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Just war theory

• Criteria for just war
• Does the conflict satisfy the criteria?
• What constitutes a just war?
• St. Augustine (5th century) and St. Thomas
  Aquinas foundation

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JUST WAR demands

• There must be sufficient and just reason
• There must be legitimate authority to declare war
• It must be waged by appropriate means
• There must be prospects for success
• All other avenues must have been previously
  exhausted

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Application to Kosovo

• Hundreds of thousands of Kosovo Albanians forced
  from homes many killed
• Too many civilian casualties may be
  disproportionate
• Problem of making normal civilian life impossible
  in Serbia
• Who or what has appropriate authority? UN, NATO
• International law human rights organizations,
  Red Cross all set standards

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Issues

• Problem of dual-use civilian infra-structure G
• Genocide vs. national sovereignty

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Kosovo by the numbers (last time)

• 78 days of NATO bombing
• 5000 Yugoslav military fatalities
• 2000 civilians (Serb figure)
• 2 NATO pilots died
• 55 bridges destroyed
• 30000 Serbs displaced northward
• 1.5 million Kosovars refugees many have returned
• 6000 killed in executions
• 10 mass graves
• 225,000 Kosovars missing

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War crimes

• International Criminal Trials for the former
  Yugoslavia (ICTY)
• The Hague
• Miloevic key figure now

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Rape

• Phenomenon in many military conflicts
• Ongoing discussion in international law
• ICTY verdict systematic use of rape can be
  prosecuted as war crime
• How should we understand it?
• Tactic of ethnic cleansing?
• Related to genocide?

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Theory 1

• Woman as property rape devalues signals failure
  of her man to protect her

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Theory 2

• Rape represents violation of territorial
  integrity, means of establishing jurisdiction and
  conquest
• Metaphor man bears generic stuff of nation
  female is property and vessel in which children
  of nation grow men become owners of territory
  and children

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Theory 3

• Rape degrades, pollutes nations symbol of
  fertility and purity threatens to cleanse the
  territory through birth of an enemy son
• Demonstrates power of invading forces
• Reward for victory

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More theories

• War removes inhibitions
• Xenophobia, misogyny merge
• Ethnic hatred is sexualized
• Mass sexual abuse as genocide

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Theories may be useful in discussing Drakulics S