Chapter 4 Hardware Applications for Education

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Chapter 4Hardware Applications for Education
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CHAPTER 4 PRIMARY OBJECTIVES

• Describe the system unit
• Define a bit and describe how a series of bits
  are used to represent data
• Identify the major components in the system unit
  and explain their functions
• Explain how the CPU uses the four steps of a
  machine cycle to process data

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CHAPTER 4 PRIMARY OBJECTIVES (cont.)

• Describe the four types of input and input
  devices
• List the characteristics of a keyboard and
  identify various types of keyboards
• Identify various types of pointing devices
• Differentiate between the four types of output

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CHAPTER 4 PRIMARY OBJECTIVES (cont.)

• Identify the different types of output devices
• Explain the differences among various types of
  printers
• Differentiate between storage and memory
• Identify types of storage media and devices

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CHAPTER 4 PRIMARY OBJECTIVES (cont.)

• Explain how data is stored on floppy and hard
  disks
• Differentiate between CD-ROMs and DVD-ROMs

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THE SYSTEM UNIT

• System unit
• Box-like case that houses the electronic
  components of the computer that are used to
  process data

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DATA REPRESENTATION

• Analog vs. Digital
• Digital
• Two states
• Binary number system
• Combination of ones and zeroes represent
  characters
• ASCII
• Converting a keyboard stroke into a byte

Click to see Figure 4-2
Click to see Figure 4-3
Click to see Figure 4-4
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THE COMPONENTS OF THE SYSTEM UNIT

• The Motherboard
• Contains many of the electronic components
• Chip
• A small piece of semiconducting material on which
  one or more integrated circuits are etched

Click to see Figure 4-5
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THE COMPONENTS OF THE SYSTEM UNIT

• CPU and Microprocessor
• Interprets and carries out the basic instructions
  that operate a computer
• Microprocessor contains the CPU in a PC

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CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR

• The Arithmetic/Logic Unit
• Performs the execution part of the machine cycle
• Arithmetic (addition, subtraction,
  multiplication, division)
• Comparison (greater than, equal to, less than)
• Logical (AND, OR, NOT)

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CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR

• The System Clock
• Synchronizes all computer operations
• Each tick is called a clock cycle
• Faster clock means more instructions the CPU can
  execute each second
• Speed measured in megahertz (MHz)
• One million ticks of the system clock

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CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR

• Memory
• Used to store data, instructions, and information
• The operating system and other system software
• Application programs
• Data being processed by application programs
• Bytes are stored at specific locations or
  addresses

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CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR

• Memory
• Size of memory is measured by the number of bytes
  available
• Kilobyte - 1,024 bytes
• Megabyte - one million bytes

Click to see Figure 4-11
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CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR

• Random Access Memory (RAM)
• The memory chips in the system unit
• When the computer starts, operating system files
  are loaded from a hard disk into RAM
• Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
• Static RAM (SRAM)

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CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR

• Random Access Memory (RAM)
• RAM Chips
• Smaller in size than processor chips
• Packaged on circuit boards called single inline
  memory modules (SIMMs) or dual inline memory
  modules (DIMMs)

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CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR

• Random Access Memory (RAM)
• Configuring RAM
• The more RAM, the more programs and files a
  computer can work on at once
• Software usually tells you how much RAM is
  required
• Necessary RAM depends on what type of work the
  computer is used for

Click to see Figure 4-13
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CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR

• Read-Only Memory (ROM)
• Cannot be modified
• Contents not lost when the computer is turned off

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CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR

• Expansion Slots and Expansion Cards
• Expansion slot
• An opening, or socket, where a circuit board can
  be inserted into the motherboard
• Add new devices or capabilities to the computer
• Common expansion cards
• Video card
• Sound card
• Internal modem
• Plug and Play

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CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR

• Ports and Connectors
• Port
• Point of attachment to the system unit
• Usually on the back of the computer
• Connectors
• Used to plug into ports

Click to see Figure 4-15
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SUMMARY OF THE SYSTEM UNIT

• Identify the major components of the system unit
• How do the major components of the system unit
  operate

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INPUT

• Any data or instructions you enter into the
  memory of a computer
• Any hardware component that allows you to enter
  data, programs, commands, and user responses into
  a computer

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WHAT ARE INPUT DEVICES?

• Optical Scanner
• Electronically captures an entire page of text or
  images
• Converts text or image into digital data than can
  be stored and used
• Cardscan video

Click to view video
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WHAT ARE INPUT DEVICES?

• Optical Readers
• Uses light to read characters, marks, and codes
  and then converts them into digital data that can
  be processed by a computer
• Optical character recognition (OCR)
• Reads character printed in OCR font
• Optical mark recognition (OMR)
• Bar code

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WHAT ARE INPUT DEVICES?

• Input Devices for Challenged Students
• Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
• Keyguard
• Touch window
• Pointing devices

Click to see Figure 4-27
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WHAT IS OUTPUT?

• Text
• Graphics
• Audio
• Video

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WHAT ARE OUTPUT DEVICES?

• Monitors
• Screen housed in a plastic or metal case
• Variety of sizes
• Cathode ray tube (CRT)
• Pixels
• LCD (liquid crystal display) monitors

Click to see Figure 4-30
Click to see Figure 4-31
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WHAT ARE OUTPUT DEVICES?

• Monitor Quality
• Resolution (sharpness and clarity)
• Expressed as number of columns and rows
• 640 x 480
• Most modern monitors can display 600x800 or
  1024x768
• Dot pitch
• Refresh rate
• ENERGY STAR

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WHAT ARE OUTPUT DEVICES?

• Printers
• An output device that produces text and graphics
  on a physical medium such as paper or
  transparency film
• Hard copy (printout)
• Portrait vs. landscape
• Printing requirements vary

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WHAT ARE OUTPUT DEVICES?

• Impact Printers
• Printing mechanism strikes paper, ribbon and
  character together
• Noisy
• Not usually high quality
• Dot matrix printers
• Continuous form paper

Click to see Figure 4-33
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WHAT ARE OUTPUT DEVICES?

• Nonimpact Printers
• Do not strike paper
• Much quieter
• Ink-jet printers
• Spray tiny drops of ink onto the paper
• Both black-and-white and color

Click to see Figure 4-34
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WHAT ARE OUTPUT DEVICES?

• Nonimpact Printers
• Laser printers
• High-speed, high-quality nonimpact printer
• Very high quality resolution - 300dpi to 1,200
  dpi

Click to see Figure 4-35
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WHAT ARE OUTPUT DEVICES?

• Data Projectors
• Allows an audience to view output
• LCD projectors
• Digital light processing (DLP) projector

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WHAT ARE OUTPUT DEVICES?

• Facsimile (Fax) Machine
• Used to transmit and receive an image of a
  document over a phone line
• Stand-alone
• Fax modem

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WHAT ARE OUTPUT DEVICES?

• Output Devices for Challenged Students
• Display instead of sound for hearing impaired
• Change color and magnification on screen
• Braille printer

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WHAT IS STORAGE?

• The media on which data, instructions, and
  information are kept
• The devices that record and retrieve data,
  instructions, and information
• Like a filing cabinet

Click to see Figure 4-42
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WHAT IS STORAGE?

• Storage Media and Devices
• Storage medium
• Physical material
• Storage device
• Mechanism used to record and retrieve
• Capacity measured in megabytes or gigabytes

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WHAT IS STORAGE?

• Floppy Disks
• storage medium consisting of a thin circular
  flexible film enclosed in a square shaped plastic
  shell
• Characteristics of a Floppy Disk
• Uses magnetic patterns to store data
• Formatting
• Track
• Sector

Click to see Figure 4-43
Click to see Figure 4-44
Click to see Figure 4-45
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WHAT IS STORAGE?

• High-Capacity Disk Drives (Zip Drive)
• Capacities greater than 100 MB
• Many uses
• Graphics, audio, or video
• Transporting files
• Backups
• Zip drive

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WHAT IS STORAGE?

• Hard Disks
• Provide large storage capacity and high speed
  data access
• Sizes range from 2 GB to 12 GB
• Consists of several inflexible, circular disks,
  called platters
• Magnetic storage device
• Formatting

Click to see Figure 4-47
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WHAT IS STORAGE?

• Compact Discs
• Used to distribute software
• Compact disc (CD)
• Laser reads pits on the surface
• Used on multimedia computers
• Several types
• CD-ROM
• DVD-ROM

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WHAT IS STORAGE?

• CD-ROM
• Compact disc read-only memory
• Can contain text, graphics, video, as well as
  sound
• Can hold 650 MB of data
• Used for todays complex software

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WHAT IS STORAGE?

• DVD-ROM
• Digital video disc read-only memory
• Can store from 4.7 GB to 17 GB
• High quality
• DVD-ROM drives
• May replace CDs, VCRs, and VHS tapes

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DATA REPRESENTATION
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DATA REPRESENTATION
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DATA REPRESENTATION
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THE COMPONENTS OF THE SYSTEM UNIT
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CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR
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CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR
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CPU AND MICROPROCESSOR
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WHAT ARE INPUT DEVICES?
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WHAT ARE INPUT DEVICES?
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WHAT ARE OUTPUT DEVICES?
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WHAT ARE OUTPUT DEVICES?
Pixel
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WHAT ARE OUTPUT DEVICES?
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WHAT ARE OUTPUT DEVICES?
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WHAT ARE OUTPUT DEVICES?
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WHAT IS STORAGE?
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WHAT IS STORAGE?
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WHAT IS STORAGE?
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WHAT IS STORAGE?
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WHAT IS STORAGE?
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