Carolyn J. Merry

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US Space Airborne Platforms

• Carolyn J. Merry
• NCRST-Flow
• The Ohio State University
• Center for Mapping

2
Sensor Type

• Single-band data
• B/W aerial photo, panchromatic image
• Coherent light source (laser ranger, LIDAR)
• Radar
• Multi-band data
• RGB/CIR aerial photo
• Multispectral scanner
• Hyperspectral scanner

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Platforms used for data acquisition

• Space-based
• (Space Shuttle, Satellite)
• Polar-orbiting, sun-synchronous
• 800-900 km altitude, 90-100 minutes/orbit
• Geo-synchronous
• 35,900 km altitude, 24 hrs/orbit
• stationary relative to Earth
• Aircraft
• (Helicopter, Airplane, UAV)
• Low, medium high altitude
• Higher level of spatial detail

Space-based
High Altitude (gt3000m) (Airplanes)
Low-High Altitude (300-3000m) (Airplanes)
Low Altitude (lt300m) (Helicopter, UAV)
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Satellite and aircraft systems

• Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM)
• SPOT-4, -5 High Resolution Visible (HRV)
• Ikonos-2
• QuickBird-2
• OrbView-3
• EO-1 Hyperion
• Aircraft
• UAV

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Landsat-7 satellite

• 705-km altitude
• 16-day repeat cycle
• 185-km swath width
• Descending node at 1000 - 15 min.
• Whisk-broom scanner
• Radiometric resolution 28 (256 levels)
• 15-m pan (0.52-0.90 µm)
• 6-band multispectral (XS) 30-m
• 0.45-0.52 µm (blue), 0.53-0.60 µm (green),
  0.63-0.69 (red)
• 0.76-0.90 (near IR), 1.55-1.75 µm (mid IR),
  2.07-2.35 µm (mid IR)
• 10.4-12.5 µm (thermal IR 60 m)
• Image data 600/scene (185 by 185 km)
• Web site http/edcsns17.cr.usgs.gov/EarthExplorer
  /

Image, Courtesy of NASA
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Landsat-7 ETM sensor
ETM Band 1 0.45-0.52 mm
ETM Band 2 0.53-0.60 mm
ETM Band 3 0.63-0.69 mm
ETM Band 4 0.76-0.90 mm
ETM Band 5 1.55-1.75 mm
ETM Band 6 10.4-12.5 mm
ETM Band 7 2.07-2.35 mm
ETM PAN Band 0.52-0.90 mm
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Landsat-7 image
False Color Composite (4,3,2)
True Color Composite (3,2,1)
15 m PAN Band
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Historical archive
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Information content

• Highway centerline principally interstates
• wider roads
• General utility line mapping routing
• Land use mapping for corridor studies USGS
  level I, II
• Monitoring urban heat island effect

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SPOT satellites

• SPOT-1, 2, 3 satellite
• 822-km altitude
• 98 inclination sun-synchronous orbit
• 101-minute orbit, 26-day repeat cycle, allows
• 1-2 day revisit
• 2 HRVs CCDs 3000, 6000 detectors 60-km swath
  
• 10, 20 m resolution
• Pan 0.51-0.70 µm
• XS green (0.50-0.59 m) red (0.61-0.68 µm)
  near IR (0.79-0.89 µm)
• mid IR (1.58-1.75 µm)
• Off-nadir viewing capability (27)
• Allows us to acquire stereo pairs
• Image data 2000/scene for level 1B data (60 km
  by 60 km, up to 80 km by 60 km
• for off-nadir scenes)
• SPOT-4 satellite
• 2 HRVIR Instruments 10, 20 m resolution
• Pan 0.61-0.68 µm
• XS green (0.50-0.59 m) red (0.61-0.68 µm)
  near IR (0.79-0.89 µm) mid IR (1.58-1.75 µm)

Image, Courtesy of SPOT Image, S.A.
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SPOT-2 spectral bands
SPOT Band 1, 0.50-0.59 mm
SPOT, Color Composite (3,2,1)
SPOT Band 2, 0.61-0.68 mm
SPOT Band 3, 0.79-0.89 mm
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SPOT Sample Images
SPOT 10-m pan
SPOT Selection, 10-m pan mosaic of Ohio
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Information content

• Highway centerline interstates, roads with
  better road definition
• General utility line mapping routing
• Land use mapping for corridor studies USGS
• level I, II

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Space Imaging Ikonos-2

• Sept 24, 1999 launch
• Sun-synchronous, polar-orbiting
• 680 km altitude, 98.1 inclination
• 26 off-nadir collection, 1-day revisit
• 1030 local time
• 11 x 11 km scene size
• 11-bit data
• 1-m pan 0.45-0.90 µm
• 124,000 scale (12.2 m w/o ground control)
• 12,400 scale (2 m with ground control)
• 4-m multispectral sensor
• 0.45-0.52 µm (blue) 0.52-0.60 µm (green)
• 0.63-0.69 µm (red) 0.76-0.90 µm (near IR)
• 97-211/sq mi for 1-m pan or 4-m XS, depending
  on orthorectification process
• Ikonos model data products DEMs
• 15-m 30-m postings (7 m vertical accuracy)
• Space Imaging, Inc. Thornton, CO
• Website http//www.spaceimaging.com

Image, Courtesy of Space Imaging
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Ikonos image
False Color Composite (4,2,1)
1 m Pan Image
True Color Composite (4,2,1)
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Ikonos 1 m pan Tucson, AZ
Background image
Road extracted
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Principal components analysis
PCA 3
PCA 4
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Multi-resolution data merging
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EarthWatch, Inc. QuickBird-2

• October 18, 2001 launch
• 450 km altitude off-nadir viewing (25)
• 0.61-m pan (0.45-0.90 µm)
• 2.44-m multispectral
• 0.45-0.52 µm (blue) 0.52-0.60 µm (green)
• 0.63-0.69 µm (red) 0.76-0.90 µm (near IR)
• 16.5-km image swath
• 11-bit data

EarthWatch, Inc. Longmont, CO Website
http//www.digitalglobe.com
Image, Courtesy of EarthWatch
20
QuicKBird-2 sample images
Denver, CO 17 July 2002 60 cm natural color
pan-sharpened
Paris, France Champs-Elysées 27 Mar 02 61-cm
pan
Source www.digitalglobe.com
21
QuicKBird-2 sample images
Austin, Texas 2.44 m XS 14 Dec 01 Univ of
Texas Stadium
Taj Majah of India 15 Feb 02 61-cm PAN
Source www.digitalglobe.com
22
Orbital Imaging Corp. OrbView-3

• June 26, 2003 launch
• 470 km altitude 1030 am crossing
• 45 pointing ability, lt3 days revisit
• 1-m pan 0.45-0.90 µm
• 4-m MS sensor
• 0.45-0.52 µm (blue) 0.52-0.60 µm (green)
• 0.625-0.695 µm (red) 0.76-0.90 µm (near IR)
• 8-km swath

Orbital Imaging, Corp. Dulles, VA Website
http//www.orbimage.com
Image, Courtesy of Orbital Imaging
23
OrbView-3 sample images
1 m pan image
4 m XS image
1 m pan image of Paris, France
Source www.orbimage.com
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Information content

• Transportation infrastructure - detailed road
  centerline with road width
• Detect vehicles on roads for traffic count
  studies
• Disaster emergency response pre-
  post-imagery, damaged housing stock, damaged
  transportation, damaged utilities services
• Building property infrastructure building
• perimeter, area, height cadastral
  information
• (property lines)
• Land use/land cover for corridor studies USGS
  level I, II, III, IV

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Hyperspectral data EO-1 satellite

• November 21, 2000 launch
• 705-km altitude, co-fly with Landsat-7
• with 1 minute
• Hyperion sensor
• 242 spectral bands in a 10 nm
• bandwidth, ranges from 0.4-2.5 µm
• 7.5 by 100 km area with 30 m ground
• resolution
• Research imagery NASA investigators

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Hyperion data
EO-1 natural color composite bands 29, 23, 16
Image cube
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Hyperspectral imaging Aircraft-based

• AVIRIS
• Operated by JPL, NASA
• 224 spectral bands in a 10 nm bandwidth, ranges
  from 0.4-2.5 mm
• Scene size 614 x 512 pixels with 20 m ground
  resolution (high altitude), with 3.5-7 m
  resolution (low altitude)

• Daedalus AADS
• Operated by EPA
• 12-40 spectral bands
• Resolution varies according to flight altitude

Image, Courtesy of Daedalus Enterprise NASA
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AVIRIS sample data
Low altitude 3.5 m image
Normal AVIRIS image (30 m)
True Color Composite (10, 20,30)
False Color Composite (20, 30,40)
Buildings
Vegetation
Vegetation
Soil
Concrete surface
Dry asphalt surface
Wet asphalt surface
Water
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Daedalus AADS sample image
Band 01.
Band 07.
AADS 1260/12 Band MSS Data
Band 02.
Band 08.
08/15/1994, True Color (7,4,3)
Band 03.
Band 09.
Band 04.
Band 10.
Band 05.
Band 11.
Band 06.
Band 12.
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Information content

• Highway centerline principally interstates,
• wider roads
• General utility line mapping routing
• Land use mapping for corridor studies USGS
• level I, II, III, IV
• Material type of roads asphalt, concrete
• Better definition of linear road features

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LIDAR Light Detection and Ranging advantages

• Measures the laser pulse time from transmitter to
  the target back to the receiver
• Laser pulse travels at speed of light
  (3108m/sec), very accurate timing is necessary
  to obtain fine vertical resolution
• One nanosecond timing resolution range
  measurement accuracy of 30 cm
• Timing technology allows for lt5 cm

Courtesy of EarthData Technologies
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Laser ranging LIDAR image
World Trade Center, NY
Courtesy of NOAA
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Aerial photography advantages

• Stereo coverage allows
• vehicle matching
• Vehicle speeds
• Vehicle densities
• Level of service
• Turning movements

Projected positions of vehicles at various
speeds between two aerial photo frames
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UAV, Uninhabited aerial vehicle

• Low cost solution for data acquisition
• High portability
• Real-time imaging w/still digital images or video

Moakley Center
GeoData Systems
BAT and its operation
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Image processing considerations

• Coarser spatial resolution with satellite
• data vs. aircraft data
• Infrequent image acquisition from
• satellites vs. on demand with aircraft
• Stereo coverage with satellite aircraft vs.
  constant viewing of highway using ground sensors

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Sensor considerations

• Current satellite and aircraft sensors
• Uses in transportation flow applications
• Area of coverage
• Costs of imagery
• Spatial resolution
• Wavelength region spectral resolution

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Spatial resolution consideration

• Typical sensor resolution
• low altitude aerial photo lt 2 ft
• QuickBird, 0.61 m (2 ft)
• Ikonos/OrbView pan, 1 m
• QuickBird XS, 2.44 m
• Ikonos/OrbView XS, 4 m

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Vehicle Spectral Reflectance Data
Spectral resolution consideration
2
2
1
1
B/W (1 band) image
RGB (Multi-band) image
Multi-band images provide additional information
for feature identification
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Conclusions

• Remote sensing data are available from satellites
  and aircraft platforms
• Spatial resolution is detailed enough to provide
  imagery results for use in transportation flow
  methodologies