GEOG. 44535453

1
WELCOME !

• GEOG. 4453/5453
• Introduction to Geographic Information Systems

2
Introduction to Geographic Information Systems

• About us
• Course logistics and expectations
• Your expectations and what we hope youll achieve
• What is GIS and Spatial Analysis ?
• The nature of GIS
• GIS resources

3
Course Logistics

• Lectures Tuesday 900-1015 - A236 SEC
• Labs Thursday 9.00-10.15 - N106 SEC(Grading
  25 )
• Individual Project due 30 April, 99(Grading
  GEOG4453 - 25 GEOG 5453 - 50)
• GEOG 4453 - Final Exam - 50(multiple choice,
  worked problems, short essay questions)
• GEOG 5453 - Literature review due 23 March, 99
  (Grading 25)

4
Lectures

• Cover material from textbooks
• Clarke, Keith C. 1998. Getting Started with
  Geographic Information Systems, 2nd edition
• ESRI 1997. Getting to Know ArcView GIS
• Also handouts and other media in lectures
• Course material available at
• http//parker.gcn.ou.edu/blyons/teachingframe.ht
  ml
• Support materials on the WWW
• http//www.prenhall.com/clarke
• (Chapter summaries, Resource Guide, Glossary,
  Sample assignments and study questions)

5
Laboratory classes

• Seven lab assignments using ArcView GIS software
  (No prior knowledge of ARCView is assumed)
• Well effectively do the ESRI ARCView course
• Lab Manuals/Online help for ArcView
• All data and printed lab assignments supplied
• All labs must be completed for grade (due one
  week after scheduled class)

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Projects

• Use your knowledge of GIS and Spatial Analysis to
  examine real-world issues
• We have suggested some topics for you
• (can choose others - particularly graduate
  students)
• All data needed for topics is available
• Scheduled lab sessions for you to work on
  projects
• Might like to present as a poster report
• Due 30 April for all students(Note the different
  requirements and grading for Geog. 4453 Geog.
  5453)

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What will I learn?

• An overview of GIS
• How GIS data are captured, stored, retrieved,
  analysed displayed
• Where to go for more information
• GIS software and its functionality
• Where GIS is going
• How to use a basic GIS (ArcView)

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What is GIS and spatial analysis ?

• Getting Started
• Some Definitions of GIS
• A Brief History of GIS
• Sources of Information on GIS

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What is a GIS?

• What in the world is a "GIS"?
• Item on the Internet's
• comp.infosystems.gis FAQ.
• GISs are simultaneously the telescope, the
• microscope, the computer, and the Xerox
• machine of regional analysis and synthesis
• of spatial data. (Ron Abler, 1988)

Clarke chapter 1 ESRI chapter 1
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G, I, and S

• G geographic
• spatial data
• geo-referenced
• I information
• databases
• representations

• S systems
• users
• hardware
• software

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What is spatial analysis ?

• GIS is about linking our information to
  location(or bringing the where to bear on the
  what)
• Spatial analysis is a collection of statistical
  techniques to explore and understand data and its
  structure
• Helps us disclose the hard-to-see patterns and to
  examine associations in space and time across
  disparate data sets
• A new way of integrating information

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Where Did GIS Come From?

• GIS is built upon knowledge from geography,
  cartography, computer science and mathematics.
• Geographic Information Science is a new
  interdisciplinary field built out of the use and
  theory of GIS.

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Defining GIS

• Different definitions of a GIS have evolved in
  different areas and disciplines.
• All GIS definitions recognize that spatial data
  are unique because they are linked to maps.
• A GIS at least consists of a database, map
  information, and a computer-based link between
  them.

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Spatial and non-spatial data
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Definition 1 A GIS is a toolbox

• "a powerful set of tools for storing and
  retrieving at will, transforming and displaying
  spatial data from the real world for a
  particular set of purposes"
• (Burrough, 1986, p. 6).
• "automated systems for the capture, storage,
  retrieval, analysis, and display of spatial
  data." (Clarke, 1995, p. 13).

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Definition 2 A GIS is an information system

• "An information system that is designed to work
  with data referenced by spatial or geographic
  coordinates. In other words, a GIS is both a
  database system with specific capabilities for
  spatially-referenced data, as well as a set of
  operations for working with the data" (Star and
  Estes, 1990, p. 2).

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Map Overlay
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Duecker's 1979 definition (p. 20) has survived
the test of time.

• "A geographic information system is a special
  case of information systems where the database
  consists of observations on spatially distributed
  features, activities or events, which are
  definable in space as points, lines, or areas. A
  geographic information system manipulates data
  about these points, lines, and areas to retrieve
  data for ad hoc queries and analyses" (Duecker,
  1979, p 106).

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The Feature Model

• Duecker's definition uses the feature model of
  geographic space.
• The standard feature model divides a mapped
  landscape up into features, that can be points,
  lines, or areas.
• Using a GIS involves capturing the spatial
  distribution of features by measurement of the
  world or of maps.
• Almost all human activity and natural phenomena
  are spatially distributed, so can be studied
  using a GIS.
• A GIS uses map features to manage data.

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The Feature Model
21
Whither GIS ?

• A GIS is flexible enough to be used for ad hoc
  query and analysis.
• A GIS can do analysis, modeling and prediction.

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Definition 3 GIS is an approach to science

• Geographic Information Science is research both
  on and with GIS.
• "the generic issues that surround the use of GIS
  technology, impede its successful implementation,
  or emerge from an understanding of its potential
  capabilities."
• (Goodchild, 1992)

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Solving and Visualising Complex Problems
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Definition 4 GIS is a multi-million dollar
business.

• The growth of GIS has been a marketing
  phenomenon of amazing breadth and depth and will
  remain so for many years to come. Clearly, GIS
  will integrate its way into our everyday life to
  such an extent that it will soon be impossible to
  imagine how we functioned before

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A Brief History of GIS

• GISs origins lie in thematic cartography.
• Many planners used the method of map overlay
  using manual techniques.
• Manual map overlay as a method was first
  described comprehensively by Jacqueline Tyrwhitt
  in a 1950 planning textbook.
• McHarg used blacked out transparent overlays for
  site selection in Design with Nature.

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A Brief History of GIS (ctd)

• The 1960s saw many new forms of geographic data
  and mapping software.
• Computer cartography developed the first basic
  GIS concepts during the late 1950s and 1960s.
• Linked software modules, rather than stand-alone
  programs, preceded GISs.
• Early influential data sets were the CIA World
  Data Bank and the GBF/DIME files.
• The Harvard University Odyssey system was
  influential due to its topological arc-node
  (vector) data structure.

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A Brief History of GIS (ctd)

• GIS was significantly altered by (1) the PC and
  (2) the workstation.
• During the 1980s, new GIS software could better
  exploit more advanced hardware.
• User Interface developments led to GIS's vastly
  improved ease of use during the 1990s.
• During the 1980s, new GIS software could better
  exploit more advanced hardware.

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Sources of Information on GIS

• The amount of information available about GIS can
  be overwhelming.
• Sources of GIS information include journals and
  magazines, books, professional societies, the
  World Wide Web, and conferences.
• GIS has Web Home pages, network conference
  groups, professional organizations, and user
  groups.
• Most colleges and universities now offer GIS
  classes in geography departments.

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WWW Resources USGS
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GIS Resources Conferences
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GIS Resources Glossies
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Major GIS-Only Journals

• International Journal of Geographical
  Information Science
• Geographical Systems
• Transactions in GIS
• Geo Info Systems
• GIS World

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Specialty Journals

• Business Geographics
• GIS Law
• GrassClippings
• GIS Asia/Pacific
• GIS World Report/CANADA
• GIS Europe
• Mapping Awareness

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Regular GIS Papers

• Annals of the Association of American Geographers
• Cartographica
• Cartography and GIS
• Computer Computers, Environment, and Urban
  Systems
• Computers and Geosciences
• IEEE Transactions on Computer Graphics and
  Applications
• Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing

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Occasional GIS papers

• Cartographic Perspectives
• Cartographica
• Journal of Cartography
• Geocarto International
• IEEE Geosciences
• International Journal of Remote Sensing
• Landscape Ecology
• Remote Sensing Review
• Mapping Science and Remote Sensing
• Infoworld

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Popular Distribution Magazines

• Business geographics
• Geo info systems
• GIS law
• GIS world
• GPS World
• Mapping awareness/Mapping awareness and GIS in
  Europe.

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Proceedings of Conferences

• AUTOCARTO International Symposium on Automated
  Cartography.
• GIS/LIS. Sponsored by AAG, ACSM, AM/FM, ASPRS,
  URISA. Held every year.
• International Advanced Study Symposium on
  Topological Data Structures for Geographic
  Information Systems.
• Proceedings International Symposium on Spatial
  Data Handling. IGU Commission on GIS.
• SSD Advances in spatial databases

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Professional Organisations

• AM/FM International Automated Mapping and
  Facilities Management.
• AAG The Association of American Geographers.
• ACSM American Congress on Surveying and Mapping.
• ASPRS American Society for Photogrammetry and
  Remote Sensing.
• NACIS North American Cartographic Information
  Society.
• URISA Urban and Regional Information Systems
  Association.

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Related Terms

• Automated Mapping and Facility Mapping (AM/FM)
• Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• Computer Aided Design or Computer Aided Drafting
  Design (CAD or CADD)
• Computer Cartography (CC)
• Emergency Information Systems (EIS)
• Expert Systems (ES)
• Geomatics
• Land Information Systems (LIS)
• Spatial Information Systems (SIS)
• Spatial Decision Support Systems (SDSS)

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Internet Resources (1/2)

• USGS Geo Data http//edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/doc/edcho
  me/ndcdb/ndcdb.html
• OK USGS http//csdokokl.cr.usgs.gov/index.html
• NSDI http//www.fgdc.gov/NSDI/Nsdi.html
• TIGER http//www.census.gov/geo/www/tiger/
• ICPSR http//www.icpsr.umich.edu/archive1.html
• EPA http//www.epa.gov/epahome/Data.html
• FGDC http//www.fgdc.gov
• NHD at FGDC http//nhd.fgdc.gov/

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Internet Resources (2/2)

• SEIC http//www.seic.okstate.edu/
• NRCS http//www.nrcs.usda.gov/
• OK NRCS http//www.ok.nrcs.usda.gov/index.htm
• NWCC at NRCS http//www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/
• NCGIA www.ncgia.org
• UCGIS www.ucgis.org
• ESRI www.esri.com
• AAG GIS specialty group http//www.cla.sc.edu/gi
  s/aaggis.html

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References (1/2)

• Burrough, P. A. (1986) Principles of Geographical
  Information Systems for Land Resources
  Assessment. Oxford University Press, New York.
• Calkins, H. W. and R. F. Tomlinson (1977)
  Geographic Information Systems Methods and
  Equipment for Land Use Planning. International
  Geographic Union Commission on Geographical Data
  Sensing and Processing. Resource and Land
  Investigations (RALI) Programs, U.S.G.S., Reston,
  Virginia.
• Clark, K. (1990) Analytical and Computer
  Cartography, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
• Cowen, D. (1988) GIS vs. CAD vs. DBMS What are
  the Differences? Photogrammetric Engineering and
  Remote Sensing, 54 1551-1555.

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References (2/2)

• Goodchild, M. F. (1985) Geographic Information
  Systems in Undergraduate Geography A
  Contemporary Dilemma. The Operational Geographer,
  834-38.
• Goodchild, M. F. 1992 Geographical information
  science. International Journal of Geographical
  Information Systems, 6(1) 31-45.
• Laurini, R. and D. Thompson (1993) Fundamentals
  of Spatial Information Systems. Academic Press.
• Star, J. and J. Estes (1988) Geographic
  Information Systems An Introduction. Prentice
  Hall, New Jersey.
• Tomlin, C. D. (1990) Geographic Information
  Systems and Cartographic Modeling. Prentice Hall,
  New Jersey.