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GEO 565 Options

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Option 3 - Annotated Bibliography uploaded to the web. Choose which option you want by Tue., January 20th ... ACSM: American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: GEO 565 Options


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GEO 565 Options
  • Option 1 - Term Paper
  • Option 2 - Project (GIS analyses and map series)
  • Option 3 - Annotated Bibliography uploaded to the
    web
  • Choose which option you want by Tue., January
    20th
  • Term Papers or uploading of web site due by 500,
    Fri., March 13th
  • NO EXTENSIONS!

3
GEO 565 Term Paper (1)
  • 20 pages (double-spaced) INCLUDING figures and
    references
  • MS-word doc sent by email preferred
  • flexible on subject matter of paper
  • specify and follow a scholarly journal format!!
  • specify key words
  • points will be subtracted if these specifications
    are omitted

4
Suggested Content
  • look at current uses of GIS in your area of
    interest
  • other fields
  • identify potential for furthering research
  • research/management questions
  • describe a study in progress (proposal?)

5
GEO 565 Annotated Bibliography (3)
  • MUST be web-based
  • Dont know HTML? Dont panic! Resources will be
    available - its easy!
  • Upload your page(s) by Friday, March 13th, 500
    p.m.
  • See dusk.geo.orst.edu/gis/projects.html

6
GEO 565 Project (2)
  • Find your own data, do an analysis and create the
    maps using ArcGIS or other GIS
  • Submit a proposal by Jan. 20th
  • Detailed instructions and examples at
    dusk.geo.orst.edu/gis/projects.html
  • Must STILL complete Labs 1-6
  • 10 pages writeup, flow chart maps
  • Due 800 p.m., Mar. 16th - NO final exam

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What is GIS?What is GIScience?
  • Longley et al., Preface, Chapter 1

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Some Basic GIS Concepts...
  • Mapping is key but is NOT the whole story.
  • A GIS is NOT simply for MAKING maps
  • maps at different scales, projections, colors
  • not simply for STORING maps or images.
  • In fact, it stores the DATA from which these are
    created.

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An Analysis Tool...
  • for every piece of data it specifies
  • what it is
  • where it is
  • how it relates to other pieces of data
  • things in common
  • see spatial relationships or create NEW
    relationships

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Geographic Information System
  • Container of data
  • Container of maps
  • Inventory of geographically distributed features
    and facilities
  • Computerized tool to automate time-consuming
    tasks
  • Analysis tools for solving geographic problems
  • Spatial decision support system
  • Method for revealing patterns and processes in
    geographic information

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Geographic Information System
  • Organized collection of
  • Software
  • Hardware
  • Network
  • Data
  • People
  • Procedures

13
Major Questions for a GIS
  • What exists at a certain location?
  • Where are certain conditions satisfied?
  • What has changed in a place over time?
  • What spatial patterns exist?
  • What if this condition occurred at this place?
    (modelling, hypothesis testing)

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For example...
  • Toxic Substance Locations
  • District 24
  • District 16
  • 14 George Boulevard
  • Proposed School Locations
  • 124 Elm Street
  • 35 White Road

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Toxic Substances
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Information on the World
  • How it looks Form or Pattern
  • How it works Process
  • Knowledge about process more valuable than form,
    because can be used to predict
  • GIS combine
  • General scientific knowledge in software
  • Specific information in databases

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Featured in Science, vol 323, January, 2009
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Major Questions for YOU...
  • What ARE my questions?
  • How much data do I need and of what quality?
  • How can I combine my data to answer my questions?

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The Process of GIS (i.e., GIScience)
  • Think about a place or a topic ...
  • Ask a question about it ...
  • Analyze data to make a map ...
  • Explore the patterns that appear ...
  • Enhance the data or modify the analysis ...
  • Ask a new question
  • Repeat ...

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Spatial and Non-Spatial Data
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Defining GIS
  • Different definitions of a GIS have evolved in
    different areas and disciplines.
  • map coordinates,
  • database,
  • computer-based link between them.
  • All GIS definitions recognize that spatial data
    are unique because they are linked to maps.

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Geographically-referenced data
  • Latitude and longitude
  • Street address
  • x and y coordinates
  • Range and township
  • Location shown on a map

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The Data Model
  • A conceptual description (mental model) of how
    data are organized for use by the GIS
  • GISs have traditionally used either field or
    object data models

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A Field Data Model Uses a Raster or Grid Data
Structure.
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Rasters are Faster...
  • maps directly onto computer memory structure
    (array).
  • easy to understand, read, write, draw

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Rasters are Faster...
  • natural for scanned or remotely sensed data.
  • continuous surfaces (e.g., topography)
  • spatial analytical operations are faster.
  • compression is easier

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Featured in Science, vol 323, January, 2009
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An Object Model uses a Vector (Arc/Node) Data
Structure
  • Object data model evolved into the arc/node
    variation in the 1960s.
  • Points in sequence build lines.
  • Lines have a direction - nodes or ordering of the
    points.
  • Lines in sequence build polygons.

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Object Model Featuring Arcs and Nodes
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Object/Vector Feature Types
Feature Type Single Part Multi-Part
Point Line Area Annotation
H
I
G
10
H
W
Y
A
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Vectors and Topology
  • Vectors without topology are spaghetti
    structures.
  • Points, lines, and areas
  • stored in their own files, with links between
    them.
  • stored w/ topology (i.e. the connecting arcs and
    left and right polygons).
  • Relationships are computed and stored

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Topology Graphic
2, -7, 5, 6
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Rasters are Faster, but Vectors are
Correcter...
  • Vectors can represent point, line, and area
    features very accurately.
  • Far more efficient than grids.
  • Work well with GPS receivers.
  • Not as good with continuous phenomena.

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Rasters and Vectors
Now YOU!
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Attributes and their Types
  • Nominal, e.g., land cover class
  • Ordinal, e.g., a ranking
  • Interval, e.g., Celsius temperature
  • Differences make sense
  • Ratio, e.g., map scale
  • Ratios make sense
  • Cyclic, e.g., wind direction

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Attributes in a Database
  • Attribute data are stored logically in flat
    files.
  • i.e., matrix of numbers and values stored in rows
    and columns, like a spreadsheet.

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Distinguishing Characteristics of a GIS vs. Other
Systems
  • provides links between points, lines, areas,
    grids and their ATTRIBUTES in a database
  • provides algorithms for ANALYSIS of
  • spatial data
  • spatially intelligent - thinks points,
    lines, areas, grids are actual spots on earths
    surface - e.g., switching projections, computing
    distances

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GIS Layers,Themes,Overlays
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Analysis or Geoprocessing
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GIS is a multi-Billion dollar business.
  • annual software revenues top 1 billion,
    increasing 14 yearly
  • ESRI and Intergraph software revenues account for
    1/2 of industry total
  • GIS industry now at 7 BILLION

44
Open Source GIS quantum GIS - qgis.orguDIG -
uDIG.refractions.netGRASS - grass.itc.it
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GIS as an approach to science
  • Geographic Information Science is research both
    on and with GIS.
  • the generic issues that surround the use of GIS
    technology, impede its successful implementation,
    or emerge from an understanding of its potential
    capabilities. (Goodchild, 1992)

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GISci GIScience GIS T
  • Geographic information science
  • U.S., geography, UCGIS
  • to GIS as statistics is to the statistical
    packages
  • The science behind the systems
  • Fundamental issues arising from use
  • The science that is done with the technology
  • Systematic study of geographic information using
    scientific methods

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A New Discipline?
  • Symptoms of a science
  • journals, terms, books, conferences, departments,
    heroes, cultural artifacts
  • grand challenges
  • What would we say to Albert Einstein or Stephen
    Hawking?
  • As young man, my fondest dream was to become a
    geographer. However, while working in the customs
    office I thought deeply about the matter and
    concluded that it was far too difficult a
    subject. With some reluctance, I then turned to
    physics as a substitute.

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GIScience - Contributing Disciplines
  • GIS
  • Remote Sensing
  • Cartography
  • Surveying (Geomatics)
  • Geodesy (GPS)
  • Landscape Ecology
  • Statistics
  • Mathematics
  • Computer Science
  • Information Science
  • Operations Research
  • Management Science
  • Psychology, Sociology
  • More

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GIS, GIScience, GIS T
  • GISystems (GIS)
  • Emphasis on technology and tools
  • GIScience (GISci), GIScience Technology (GIS
    T)
  • Fundamental issues raised by the use of GIS and
    related technologies (e.g.)
  • Spatial analysis
  • Map projections
  • Accuracy
  • Scientific visualization

50
Major Journals/Mags.
  • International Journal of Geographical
    Information Science
  • Cartography and Geographic Information Science
  • Transactions in GIS
  • Geospatial Solutions
  • GEOWorld

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Specialty Journals
  • Business Geographics
  • GIS Law
  • Mapping Awareness
  • GrassClippings
  • Arc User
  • Intergraph News
  • GIS Asia/Pacific
  • GIS World Report/CANADA
  • GIS Europe

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Regular GISci Scholarly Papers
  • Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing
  • Annals of the Association of American Geographers
  • Cartographica
  • Computers, Environment, and Urban Systems
  • Computers and Geosciences
  • IEEE Transactions on Computer Graphics and
    Applications

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Occasional GISci Scholarly Papers
  • International Journal of Remote Sensing
  • Landscape Ecology
  • Cartographic Perspectives
  • Cartographica
  • Journal of Cartography
  • Geocarto International
  • IEEE Geosciences
  • Remote Sensing Review
  • Mapping Science and Remote Sensing
  • Infoworld

54
Professional Organizations
  • AAG The Association of American Geographers.
  • GITA Geospatial Information Technology Assoc.
    (formerly AM/FM)
  • URISA Urban and Regional Information Systems
    Association.
  • ACSM American Congress on Surveying and Mapping.
  • ASPRS American Society for Photogrammetry and
    Remote Sensing.
  • UCGIS University Consortium for Geographic
    Information Science

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Willamette Valley GIS User Group
  • www.orurisa.org/wgisug/

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ESRI Conferences
  • ESRI Education and User Conferences. Every year
    in San Diego.
  • regional meetings as well
  • 2009 Summer Internship Program
  • careers.esri.com
  • Applications due March 1, 2009

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Conferences ( cont. )
  • GIS in Action - Oregon URISA
  • April 21-22 in Vancouver, WA
  • NE Oregon GIS Conference
  • UCGIS Summer Meeting, Sante Fe, NM, June 22-23
  • Theme Complex systems science

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GIS in Action 2009 Needs Student Volunteers!
  • Work registration desk, monitor rooms
  • Free conference registration
  • Need to work at least half-day shift
  • Great opportunity to network with GIS
    professionals
  • Contact Anne Hillyer, akhillyer_at_bpa.gov,
    360-619-6543

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