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GEO 565 Options

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Option 3 - Annotated Bibliography uploaded to the web. Choose which option you want by Tue., January 20th ... ACSM: American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: GEO 565 Options

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GEO 565 Options

Option 1 - Term Paper
Option 2 - Project (GIS analyses and map series)
Option 3 - Annotated Bibliography uploaded to the
web
Choose which option you want by Tue., January
20th
Term Papers or uploading of web site due by 500,
Fri., March 13th
NO EXTENSIONS!

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GEO 565 Term Paper (1)

20 pages (double-spaced) INCLUDING figures and
references
MS-word doc sent by email preferred
flexible on subject matter of paper
specify and follow a scholarly journal format!!
specify key words
points will be subtracted if these specifications
are omitted

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Suggested Content

look at current uses of GIS in your area of
interest
other fields
identify potential for furthering research
research/management questions
describe a study in progress (proposal?)

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GEO 565 Annotated Bibliography (3)

MUST be web-based
Dont know HTML? Dont panic! Resources will be
available - its easy!
Upload your page(s) by Friday, March 13th, 500
p.m.
See dusk.geo.orst.edu/gis/projects.html

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GEO 565 Project (2)

Find your own data, do an analysis and create the
maps using ArcGIS or other GIS
Submit a proposal by Jan. 20th
Detailed instructions and examples at
dusk.geo.orst.edu/gis/projects.html
Must STILL complete Labs 1-6
10 pages writeup, flow chart maps
Due 800 p.m., Mar. 16th - NO final exam

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What is GIS?What is GIScience?

Longley et al., Preface, Chapter 1

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Some Basic GIS Concepts...

Mapping is key but is NOT the whole story.
A GIS is NOT simply for MAKING maps
maps at different scales, projections, colors
not simply for STORING maps or images.
In fact, it stores the DATA from which these are
created.

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An Analysis Tool...

for every piece of data it specifies
what it is
where it is
how it relates to other pieces of data
things in common
see spatial relationships or create NEW
relationships

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Geographic Information System

Container of data
Container of maps
Inventory of geographically distributed features
and facilities
Computerized tool to automate time-consuming
tasks
Analysis tools for solving geographic problems
Spatial decision support system
Method for revealing patterns and processes in
geographic information

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Geographic Information System

Organized collection of
Software
Hardware
Network
Data
People
Procedures

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Major Questions for a GIS

What exists at a certain location?
Where are certain conditions satisfied?
What has changed in a place over time?
What spatial patterns exist?
What if this condition occurred at this place?
(modelling, hypothesis testing)

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For example...

Toxic Substance Locations
District 24
District 16
14 George Boulevard
Proposed School Locations
124 Elm Street
35 White Road

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Toxic Substances
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Information on the World

How it looks Form or Pattern
How it works Process
Knowledge about process more valuable than form,
because can be used to predict
GIS combine
General scientific knowledge in software
Specific information in databases

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Featured in Science, vol 323, January, 2009
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Major Questions for YOU...

What ARE my questions?
How much data do I need and of what quality?
How can I combine my data to answer my questions?

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The Process of GIS (i.e., GIScience)

Think about a place or a topic ...
Ask a question about it ...
Analyze data to make a map ...
Explore the patterns that appear ...
Enhance the data or modify the analysis ...
Ask a new question
Repeat ...

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Spatial and Non-Spatial Data
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Defining GIS

Different definitions of a GIS have evolved in
different areas and disciplines.
map coordinates,
database,
computer-based link between them.
All GIS definitions recognize that spatial data
are unique because they are linked to maps.

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Geographically-referenced data

Latitude and longitude
Street address
x and y coordinates
Range and township
Location shown on a map

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The Data Model

A conceptual description (mental model) of how
data are organized for use by the GIS
GISs have traditionally used either field or
object data models

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A Field Data Model Uses a Raster or Grid Data
Structure.
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Rasters are Faster...

maps directly onto computer memory structure
(array).
easy to understand, read, write, draw

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Rasters are Faster...

natural for scanned or remotely sensed data.
continuous surfaces (e.g., topography)
spatial analytical operations are faster.
compression is easier

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Featured in Science, vol 323, January, 2009
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An Object Model uses a Vector (Arc/Node) Data
Structure

Object data model evolved into the arc/node
variation in the 1960s.
Points in sequence build lines.
Lines have a direction - nodes or ordering of the
points.
Lines in sequence build polygons.

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Object Model Featuring Arcs and Nodes
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Object/Vector Feature Types
Feature Type Single Part Multi-Part
Point Line Area Annotation
H
I
G
10
H
W
Y
A
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Vectors and Topology

Vectors without topology are spaghetti
structures.
Points, lines, and areas
stored in their own files, with links between
them.
stored w/ topology (i.e. the connecting arcs and
left and right polygons).
Relationships are computed and stored

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Topology Graphic
2, -7, 5, 6
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Rasters are Faster, but Vectors are
Correcter...

Vectors can represent point, line, and area
features very accurately.
Far more efficient than grids.
Work well with GPS receivers.
Not as good with continuous phenomena.

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Rasters and Vectors
Now YOU!
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Attributes and their Types

Nominal, e.g., land cover class
Ordinal, e.g., a ranking
Interval, e.g., Celsius temperature
Differences make sense
Ratio, e.g., map scale
Ratios make sense
Cyclic, e.g., wind direction

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Attributes in a Database

Attribute data are stored logically in flat
files.
i.e., matrix of numbers and values stored in rows
and columns, like a spreadsheet.

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Distinguishing Characteristics of a GIS vs. Other
Systems

provides links between points, lines, areas,
grids and their ATTRIBUTES in a database

provides algorithms for ANALYSIS of
spatial data

spatially intelligent - thinks points,
lines, areas, grids are actual spots on earths
surface - e.g., switching projections, computing
distances

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GIS Layers,Themes,Overlays
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Analysis or Geoprocessing
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GIS is a multi-Billion dollar business.

annual software revenues top 1 billion,
increasing 14 yearly
ESRI and Intergraph software revenues account for
1/2 of industry total
GIS industry now at 7 BILLION

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Open Source GIS quantum GIS - qgis.orguDIG -
uDIG.refractions.netGRASS - grass.itc.it
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GIS as an approach to science

Geographic Information Science is research both
on and with GIS.
the generic issues that surround the use of GIS
technology, impede its successful implementation,
or emerge from an understanding of its potential
capabilities. (Goodchild, 1992)

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GISci GIScience GIS T

Geographic information science
U.S., geography, UCGIS
to GIS as statistics is to the statistical
packages
The science behind the systems
Fundamental issues arising from use
The science that is done with the technology
Systematic study of geographic information using
scientific methods

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A New Discipline?

Symptoms of a science
journals, terms, books, conferences, departments,
heroes, cultural artifacts
grand challenges
What would we say to Albert Einstein or Stephen
Hawking?
As young man, my fondest dream was to become a
geographer. However, while working in the customs
office I thought deeply about the matter and
concluded that it was far too difficult a
subject. With some reluctance, I then turned to
physics as a substitute.

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GIScience - Contributing Disciplines