What Can Sport Science Research Tell Us About Wrestling

1

• What Can Sport Science Research Tell Us About
  Wrestling?
• Wrestling Sport Science Interest Meeting
• Held at University of Northern Iowa
• In conjunction wth NWCA National Duals
• January 14, 2007 Moderated by David Curby

2
1-Dermatology

• Anderson BJ. The Epidemiology and Clinical
  Analysis of Several Outbreaks of Herpes
  Gladiatorum. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003
  Nov35(11)1809-1814.

3
1-DermatologyHerpes Gladiatorum

Ocular involvement is a serous risk.
4
1-DermatologyHerpes Gladiatorum

Analysis of data from three outbreaks at a 28-d
wrestling camp showed that most outbreaks (96)
occurred on the ventral surface of the body, with
71.9 on the head, face, and neck, areas in
direct contact when wrestlers are engaged in the
lock-up position. Analysis of data from the 2001
camp outbreak showed that the locations of the
lesions reflected the handedness of the wrestler.
5
1-DermatologyHerpes Gladiatorum

The NFHS guidelines are inadequate to prevent and
control outbreaks of HG. The focus of preventive
efforts needs to change from mat cleanliness to
more rapid detection of outbreaks by requiring
culture results and appropriate therapy for all
suspected bacterial and herpes lesions before
allowing return to contact. To minimize and
control spread of HG, treatment and isolation
should be implemented based not only on vesicle
formation but also on systemic signs and
symptoms.
6
2-Injuries

• Boden BP, Lin W, Young M, Mueller FO
  Catastrophic injuries in wrestlers. American
  Journal of Sports Medicine 30(6) 791-795

7
2-Injuries
Retrospectively reviewed 35 incidents that were
reported to the National Center for Catastrophic
Sports Injury Research over an 18-year period
from 1981 until 1999.

8
2-Injuries
Although catastrophic injuries in wrestling are
rare, they do occur. Referees can help prevent
such injuries by strictly enforcing penalties for
slams and by gaining more awareness of dangerous
holds. Coaches may also prevent serious injuries
by emphasizing proper wrestling techniques.

9
3-Competition

• Kraemer, W. J., et al. (2001). Physiological and
  performance responses to tournament wrestling.
  Med.Sci.Sports Exerc., 33, 1367-1378.

10
3-Competition Tournament Simulation

• RESULTS Lower body power and upper body
  isometric strength were significantly reduced as
  the tournament progressed (P lt or 0.05).
  Significant elevations in testosterone, cortisol,
  and lactate were observed after each match (P lt
  or 0.05). However, there was a significant
  reduction (P lt or 0.05) in resting testosterone
  values in the later matches.

11
3-Competition Tournament Simulation

• Norepinephrine increased significantly (P lt or
  0.05) after each match, whereas epinephrine
  increased significantly (P lt or 0.05) after
  each match except the last match of each day.
  Plasma osmolality was consistently higher than
  normal values at all times including baseline,
  with significant increases observed after each
  match (P lt or 0.05).

12
3-Competition Tournament Simulation

• CONCLUSIONS Tournament wrestling augments the
  physiological and performance decrements of
  weight loss and its impact is progressive over 2
  d of competition. The combined effects of these
  stresses may ultimately be reflected in a
  wrestler's ability to maintain physical
  performance throughout a tournament.

13
4-Sport PsychologyFocus on the Coach

• Hahesy, Michael J.
• Transformational leadership
• theories, attribution beliefs,
• and self-efficacy A qualitative study of one
  successful NCAA wrestling coach.
• Dissertation, EdD, Indiana University of
  Pennsylvania. 2002

14
4-Sport PsychologyFocus on the Coach

• The results indicate that Gable was successful
  due to a variety of factors including enthusiasm
  for each athlete, motivating everyone, creating a
  successful environment, and encouraging hard
  teamwork.

15
4-Sport PsychologyFocus on the Coach

• The results also indicate that Gable was a
  transformational leader by demonstrating high
  expectations, strong modeling, and encouraging
  competition.

16
4-Sport PsychologyFocus on the Coach

• Gable also used attribution theory in his
  approach to athletes by making his athletes
  attribute success to ability and effort and never
  to dwell on luck. The findings also indicate that
  Gable incorporates self-efficacy into his
  athletes by visualizing and maintaining a high
  level of confidence.

17
5-Sport PsychologyFocus on the Athlete

2000 Sydney Olympic Games U.S. Athlete
and Coach Performance Lessons Learned
Assessment    Daniel Gould, Ph.D. http//www.usoc.
org/sportscience/
18
5-Sport PsychologyFocus on the Athlete

Coaching Actions Perceived to Hurt
Performance
"What, if any, were the three things that your
coaches did that hurt your performance at the
Games?" The most frequent response was "poor
attitude and demeanor," which was cited 34 times
by athletes. "Poor communication and feedback"
was cited 15 times. Poor physical training
strategies, mismanagement of athlete selection
process, lack of availability/ accessibility, and
poor pre-competition preparation were other
leading factors that reportedly hurt performance.
19
5-Sport PsychologyFocus on the Athlete

Coaching Actions Perceived to Help
Performance
Mental preparation and sport psychology was
listed most frequently as a coaching action that
helped performance, followed by physical
preparation, emotional support, technical /
tactical preparation, positive attitude, and
preparation for competition.
20
5-Sport PsychologyFocus on the Athlete

Coaches!!!
no matter what the initial characteristics of
the individuals, unless there is a long and
intensive process of encouragement, nurturance,
education, training, the individuals will not
attain extreme levels of capability in the
particular fields.
21
6 Hydration Status of Wrestlers

• BARTOK, C., D. A. SCHOELLER, J. C. SULLIVAN, R.
  R. CLARK, and G. L. LANDRY. Hydration Testing in
  Collegiate Wrestlers Undergoing Hypertonic
  Dehydration. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 36,
  No. 3, pp. 510-517, 2004.

22
6 Hydration Status of Wrestlers

• Refractometers to assess urine specific gravity
  (1.024)

23
6 Hydration Status of Wrestlers

• Dip sticks to assess urine specific gravity
  (1.024)

24
6 Hydration Status of Wrestlers
This study supports a specific gravity cutoff of
1.020 gmL-1 for the identification of hypertonic
DEH. Future research should test the cutoff
values established in this study and explore the
relationship between DEH and urine protein.
25
7 Weight CertificationMinimum Wrestling Weight

• Clark RR, Oppliger RA, Sullivan JC.
  Cross-validation of the NCAA method to predict
  body fat for minimum weight in collegiate
  wrestlers. Clin J Sport Med 2002 Sep12(5)285-90

26
7 Weight CertificationMinimum Wrestling Weight

• Oppliger RA, Steen SA, Scott JR. Weight loss
  practices of college wrestlers. Int J Sport Nutr
  Exerc Metab 2003 Mar13(1)29-46

27
7 Weight CertificationMinimum Wrestling Weight

• Results The most weight lost during the season
  was 5.3 kg /- 2.8 kg (mean /- SD) or 6.9 /-
  4.7 of the wrestlers weight weekly weight lost
  averaged 2.9 kg /- 1.3 kg or 4.3 /- 2.3 of
  the wrestlers weight

28
7 Weight CertificationMinimum Wrestling Weight
The primary methods of weight loss reported were
gradual dieting (79.4) and increased exercise
(75.2). However, 54.8 fasted, 27.6 used
saunas, and 26.7 used rubber/plastic suits at
least once a month. Cathartics and vomiting were
seldom used to lose weight, and only 5 met three
or more of the criteria for bulimia nervosa. WM
behaviors were more extreme among freshmen,
lighter weight classes, and Division II
wrestlers.

29
7 Weight CertificationMinimum Wrestling Weight

• Compared to college wrestlers in the 1980s,
  weight loss behaviors were less extreme.
  Conclusions The WM practices of college
  wrestlers appeared to have improved compared to
  wrestlers sampled previously. Forty percent of
  the wrestlers were influenced by the new NCAA
  rules and curbed their weight loss practices.
  Education is still needed, as some wrestlers are
  still engaging in dangerous WM methods.

30
8 Scoring Analysis
FILA Coaches and Referees Clinic January
2004 ROME
by Prof. Dr. Harold Tünnemann FILA Centre of
Competences IAT - Leipzig
31
8 Scoring Analysis
32
8 Scoring Analysis
The world champions with their technico-tactical
abilities can serve as examples for coaches and
young athletes. The world champions Nazarjan
(BUL) with 0.94, Kvirkella (GEO) with 0.84 and
Tsitsuashvili (ISR) with 0.78 achieve best values
regarding index of performance. The world
champion Gloushkov (RUS) realizes an excellent
value in efficacy of attack, however, with his
insufficient defence behaviour gives away an even
better technico-tactical performance capacity.
33
8 Scoring Analysis
34
8 Scoring Analysis
The best value of the Russian world Champion
Bouvaissa Saitiev in the 74-kg weight category is
outstanding. Saitiev impresses with an extremely
thigh efficacy of attack and an index of
performance top value of 1.39. Both other Russian
World Champions Farniev and Sashidov as well as
the Georgian Kurdanidze are outstanding, too,
they demonstrate an utmost stable defence
behaviour. This statement also applies to the
Uzbek heavy weight World Champion Taimazov,
whereas the Azerbaidshanian World Champion of the
60 kg category, Abdullaev, has not yet exhausted
his performance capacity regarding efficacy of
attack as well as defence toward opponents
attacks.
35
8 Scoring Analysis
36
8 Scoring Analysis
In their combat behaviour women are as ever
compared with men more prone to opponents
attacks. Marano (USA) with a performance index of
2.19 (!), Chiaru Icho (JPN) with 1.56 and not a
single lost point as well as Saori Yoshida (JPN)
with 1.54 and Melnik (UKR) with 1.54 stand out
with a special technico-tactical performance. We
can be prepared for a high-performance first
Olympic womens tournament with remarkable
technico-tactical performance capacity in Athens.
37
9 Lactate Analysis

• Savranbasi,R. Karamizrak,S.O. Blood lactate
  kinetics and technical efficiency of a grand
  wrestling champion (Hamza Yerlikaya) during
  competition.) Spor hekimligi dergisi/Turkish
  journal of sports medicine 37(3) 97-101, 2002

38
9 Lactate Analysis

• In an attempt to thoroughly assess training in
  an individual approach, blood lactate kinetics
  and technical efficiency parameters of multiple
  Olympic, World and European champion Greco-Roman
  wrestler Hamza Yerlikaya have been evaluated
  during competition and compared with his team
  mates' and opponents' parameters.

39
9 Lactate Analysis
40
9 Lactate Analysis
41
10 Activity Analysis

• Nilsson J, Csergo S, Gullstrand L, Tveit P,
  Refsnes PE.Work-time profile, blood lactate
  concentration and rating of perceived exertion in
  the 1998 Greco-Roman wrestling World
  Championship. J Sports Sci 2002 Nov
  20(11)939-45

42
10 Activity Analysis

• Examined work-time profiles, blood lactate
  concentrations and perceived exertion among
  Greco-Roman wrestlers in the 1998 World
  Championship.)

43
10 Activity Analysis

• The mean periods of work and rest were 37.2 and
  13.8 s, respectively. Mean blood lactate
  concentration was 14.8 mmol (range 6.9-20.6)

44
10 Activity Analysis

• Most of the wrestlers (53.3) perceived exertion
  to be highest in the flexors of the forearm,
  followed by the deltoids (17.4) and the biceps
  brachii muscles (12.0). In addition to a
  relatively high rating of perceived exertion in
  the arm muscles, this indicates a high specific
  load on the flexor muscles of the forearm.

45
The Future What do we need to know?

• Equations for blacks and hispanics?
• Minimal body fat levels for women?
• Hydration Levels?
• Total Body Water?
• Restoration Methods
• Other?

46
Thank you to
Our armed forces past, present and future.
47
Good luck to all Coaches, Wrestlers, and those
associated with our Great Sport!
GO USA