Waste and Recycling introduction

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Waste and Recycling - introduction
Thomas Lindhqvist IIIEE Lund University,
Sweden MESPOM Waste Policies March 2006
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WASTE

• to waste something
• solid waste
• waste water

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Waste Definitions
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Waste Definition

• European Union
• Waste shall mean any substance or object in the
  categories set out in Annex 1, which the holder
  discards or intends or is required to discard.
• Article 1(a) European Council Directive
  75/442/EEC
• amended by
• European Council Directive 91/156/EEC

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Waste Definition

• Netherlands
• Waste substances all substances, preparations or
  other products, which the holder thereof
  discards, intends to discard or must discard with
  a view to their disposal.
• Article 1.1.1 of the Environment Management Act

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Waste Definition

• Czech Republic
• Waste is a movable object which has become
  dispensable to its owner and is discarded with
  the intention of disposal, or which is discarded
  according to a particular legal requirement. The
  objects which are considered wastes under further
  determined conditions are listed in Appendix 1 to
  the Act.
• Section 2 of the Waste Management Act (No.
  125/1997 Coll.)

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Waste Definition

• Switzerland
• wastes are movable things which the owner
  discards or whose disposal is in the public
  interest
• Fedral Law for Protection of the Environment

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Hazardous Waste Basel Convention on the Control
of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes
and Their Disposal (1989)

• Article 2
• For the purposes of this Convention
• 1. "Wastes" are substances or objects which are
  disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or
  are required to be disposed of by the provisions
  of national law

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Waste Types and Quantities
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MSW - Municipal Solid Waste(household
waste)Industrial WastesHazardous
Wastes(toxic wastes)
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Hazardous Waste - Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous
Wastes and Their Disposal (1989)

• Article 1
• 1. The following wastes that are subject to
  transboundary movement shall be "hazardous
  wastes" for the purposes of this Convention
• (a) Wastes that belong to any category contained
  in Annex I, unless they do not possess any of the
  characteristics contained in Annex III and
• (b) Wastes that are not covered under paragraph
  (a) but are defined as, or are considered to be,
  hazardous wastes by the domestic legislation of
  the Party of export, import or transit.

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WASTE - quantitiesNote! Available statistics
are often poor and definitions differ.
Sweden MSW 4 Mtons Non-branch
specificindustrial waste 4
Mtons Construction and demolition waste 8
Mtons Industrial wastes 70 Mtons
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European Union waste amounts
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Household Waste - quantitiesNote! Available
statistics are poor and definitions differ.
Per-capita Waste Generation Sweden 470
kg Typical EU 400-500 kg USA 760
kg Japan 430 kg City in dev.
country 150-350 kg Rural area dev. country
0 kg
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MSW - composition
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DURABLESNON-DURABLES
Newspapers, diapers, disposable tableware,
telephone books, etc.
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THERMOPLASTICS
PP - polypropylenePS - polystyrenePE -
polyethylene (HDPE,LDPE)PET - polyethylene
terephtalatePVC - polyvinyl chloridePC -
polycarbonate
THERMOSETS
PU - polyurethane
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Waste Treatment
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Process diagram
Generation
Transport
Collection
Re-use
Separation
Recycling
Treatment
Anaerobic digestion
Composting
Incineration
Gas cleaning
Energy recovery
Gas- recovery/energy
Filling/land reclamation
Landfilling
Leachate treatment
Gas- recovery/energy
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LITTERING
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Landfill

• rodents, insects, birds, etc.
• windblown debris
• odours
• fires
• explosions (methane CH4)

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WASTE INCINERATION

• Incineration - combustion - burning
• Waste-to-energy steam and electricity
• Volume reduction - 10 remains
• Weight reduction - 25 remains
• bottom ash (residual ash) - fly ash
• Air emissions
• CO2
• HCl, NOX, SO2
• Hg, Cd
• chlorinated hydrocarbons (dioxins, etc.)

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Incineration and acidification
HCl if chlorine is present sources? SO2 if
sulphur is present NOX always! why?
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Chlorine
HCl acidifying Chlorinated (halogenated)
hydrocarbons - dioxins, etc. Sources? How to
mitigate? Br - Bromine (brominated)
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Heavy metals
Hg sources? Cd sources? Pb sources? Etc.
How can we deal with these substances?
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Impacts from waste treatment
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Composting
Biodegradability
aerobic (CO2) anaerobic (CH4 - methane)
fertiliser soil conditioner
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NIMBY
Not in My Backyard
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HAZARDOUS WASTES(toxic wastes)

• physical treatment
• chemical treatment
• biological treatment

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Source-separationKerbside (curbside) collection
Collection truckRecycling centreDrop-off
centreBuy-back centre
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RecyclingRecoveryRe-useVirgin
materialRecycled materialPost-consumer
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Single-useThrowawayRecyclableRe-usableRefill
able
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Waste hierarchy
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Main options for future waste approaches in the
European context

• Avoid landfilling by
• Maximise incineration - recycling for
  selected materials
• Maximise material recycling and
  biological treatment (composting)
• Important to work on prevention and sorting out
  household hazardous waste