Janice Chipman

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Human Biology

• Janice Chipman
• Laura Patterson
• Justin Mosher

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Skeletal System
The Skeletal System provides many essential
functions it provides the shape and form for our
bodies in addition to supporting, protecting,
allowing bodily movement, producing blood for the
body, and storing minerals. There are 206 bones
that form an inflexible skeleton, which the
softer tissues and organs of the body are
attached.
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Skeletal System
Vital organs are protected by the skeletal
system. Examples of some of the main organs that
are protected by the skeletal system is the
brain, which is protected by the surrounding
skull as the heart and lungs are enclosed by the
rib cage. Bodily movement is by the contact of
the muscular and skeletal systems. Muscles are
connected to bones by tendons. Bones are
connected to each other by ligaments.
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Skeletal System
Where bones meet one another is typically called
joints. Muscles which cause movement of a joint
are connected to two different bones and contract
to pull them together. An example would be the
contraction of the biceps and a relaxation of the
triceps. This creates a bend at the elbow. The
contraction of the triceps and relaxation of the
biceps creates the effect of straightening the
arm.
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Skeletal System
Blood cells are produced by the marrow situated
in some bones. An average of 2.6 million red
blood cells are produced each second by the bone
marrow to replace those worn out and destroyed by
the liver. Bones provide a storage area for
minerals such as calcium and phosphorus. When an
overload is present in the blood, a buildup will
occur within the bones. When the supply of these
minerals within the blood is low, it will be
reserved from the bones to refill the supply.
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Digestive System
The digestive system is a series of hollow organs
joined in a long twisting tube from the mouth to
the anus. The esophagus is the organ where the
swallowed food is pushed. It connects the throat
above with the stomach below. At the connection
of the esophagus and stomach, there is a ring
like valve closing the passage between the two
organs. However, as the food move toward the
closed ring, the surrounding muscles relax and
allow the food to pass.
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Digestive System
The food then enters the stomach, which has three
involuntary tasks to do. First, the stomach must
store the swallowed food and liquid. This
requires the muscle of the upper part of the
stomach to relax and recognize large volumes of
swallowed material. The second task is to mix up
the food, liquid, and digestive juice produced by
the stomach. The lower part of the stomach mixes
these materials by its muscle action. The third
task of the stomach is to empty its contents
slowly into the small intestine.
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Digestive System
As the food is digested in the small intestine
and dissolved into the juices from the pancreas,
liver, and intestine, the contents of the
intestine are mixed and pushed forward to allow
further digestion. After the stomach empties the
food and juice combination into the small
intestine the juices of two other digestive
organs mix with the food to continue the process
of digestion.
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Pancreas
Digestive System
One of these organs is the pancreas. It produces
a juice that contains a wide array of enzymes to
break down the carbohydrate, fat, and protein in
food. Other enzymes that are active in the
process come from glands in the wall of the
intestine or even a part of that wall.
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Liver

Gall Bladder
Digestive System
The liver produces yet another digestive fluid,
which is also called bile. The fluid is stored
between meals in the gallbladder. At mealtime
its squeezed out of the gallbladder into the
bile ducts to reach the intestine and mix with
the fat in food. The bile acids dissolve the fat
into the dilute contents of the intestine.
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Digestive System
After the fat is dissolved, it is digested by
enzymes from the pancreas and the lining of the
intestine. The function of the rectum is to store
the stool until it is socially convenient to
eliminate it. When the pressures in the rectum
are high, often higher than the anal canal
pressures, it can result in urgency to bowel
movements.
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Circulatory System
Heart
The heart is a empty muscular organ that beats
over 100,000 times a day to pump blood around the
body's 60,000 miles of blood vessels. The right
side of the heart obtains blood and sends it to
the lungs to be oxygenated, while the left side
obtains oxygenated blood from the lungs and sends
it out to the tissues of the body. The Heart has
three layers the endocardium (inner layer), the
epicardium (middle layer), and myocardium (outer
layer).