APPLIED ANATOMY

1
APPLIED ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY

• BONES

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WHAT WE WILL LEARN TODAY

• You should be able to
• Describe the process of ossification and identify
  the composition of bones
• Outline and explain their growth, development and
  importance with regards to body shape size and
  the effects on weight and sports performance
• Understand how diet and exercise help to maintain
  bone strength
• Relate to functions of the skeleton to physical
  performance (Shape, Protection, Movement, Support
  Blood Production)

3
WHAT WE WILL LEARN TODAY (CONTINUED)

• You should be able to
• Identify all of the major bones and the five
  regions of the vertebral column and importance in
  terms of body movement
• Classify the bones into categories (Long, Short,
  Flat and Irregular)
• Relate differing types of bones to specific joint
  movements.

4
Bone Development Composition

• Bones start off as CARTILAGE and as you age it
  becomes bone tissue
• This process is known as OSSIFICATION
• While they contain cartilage they can grow in
  length but not when they become bone tissue
• Bone tissue is based on a protein called COLLAGEN
  which along with calcium phosphate harden the
  cartilage into bone

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Body Shape and Body Size

• Differences in height are due to differences in
  the size of bones
• Your skeleton determines your overall shape and
  size
• Think about different sports and how different
  size bones might suit

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Maintaining Bone Strength

• DIET helps to maintain bone strength by supplying
  CALCIUM, VITAMIN D essential for bone formation
• EXERCISE helps to increase bone DENSITY (make
  them stronger) by adding more calcium
• Walking and jogging are better then cycling

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Functions of The Skeleton

• The skeleton has many functions but there are
  five major functions relevant to performance
  participation in physical activity.
• SHAPE
• PROTECTION
• MOVEMENT
• SUPPORT
• BLOOD PRODUCTION

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SUMMARY

• OSSIFICATION is when cartilage becomes bone
  tissue
• Bones harden using Collagen, Calcium and
  Phosphate
• The size and length of bones can determine our
  height, shape and size and these differences can
  suit certain sporting activities
• The correct diet provides enough Calcium
  Vitamin D needed to help bones form
• Exercise puts stress on bones to help increase
  their density (grow stronger)
• The main functions of the skeleton are SUPPORT,
  SHAPE, PROTECTION, MOVEMENT BLOOD PRODUCTION

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The Skeleton and Movement

• There are over 200 bones in the body
• We need to learn just the major bones .
• Look at the sheet of the skeleton
• TASK
• In pairs using the sticky pads write on them
  the following bones and then stick them on your
  partner where you think they are (5 mins).

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The Skeleton and Movement (continued)

• Down the back of your skeleton is your VERTEBRAL
  COLUMN
• It is made up of 34 small bones called VERTEBRAE
• The spinal cord runs down the middle and is
  protected by the vertebrae
• The vertebrae are divided into 5 groups each with
  a different job
• Look at p.18 and draw the diagram labelled
• Parts of the Vertebral Column

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Bone Classification

• There are 4 classification of bones
• LONG - These provide long levers to increase the
  range
• of movement
• (Humerus, Ulna, Radius, Femur
  Fibula)
• SHORT - Allow complex movements of ankle/foot
• (Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges)
• FLAT - Protect vital organs
• (Cranial bones, Scapula, Ilium)
• IRREGULAR - Each has a special function
• (Vertebrae, Ribs,
  Sternum, Patella)

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SUMMARY

• The skeleton is made up of over 200 bones the
  major ones being Cranium, Clavicle, Sternum,
  Scapula, Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Vertebrae,
  Pelvis, Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges, Femur,
  Patella, Fibula, Tibia, Tarsals, Metatarsals
  Phalanges
• Bones can be classified as LONG, SHORT, FLAT
  IRREGULAR
• The VERTEBRAL COLUMN is made up the CERVICAL,
  THORACIC, LUMBAR, SACRUM COCCYX bones