ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy

1
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy
Energy Efficiency for Poverty Reduction

• 19th 23rd June 2006
• Nairobi, Kenya

2
Module 4Biomass (Traditional Improved)

• Waeni Kithyoma

3
Overview

• Traditional Biomass
• Examples and application
• Benefits
• Drawbacks
• Improved Biomass Technologies
• Examples and application
• Status of improved cookstoves dissemination
• Benefits of improved biomass technologies
• Prospects of improved biomass technologies
• Case studies demonstrating socio-economic impact
  of improved cookstoves

4
Three Categories

• Traditional Biomass Energy Technologies (TBTs)
• Inefficient use of wood, charcoal, leaves,
  agricultural residues, animal/human waste urban
  waste
• Improved Biomass Energy Technologies (IBTs)
• Improved and efficient technologies for direct
  combustion of biomass such as improved
  cooking/heating stoves and improved biofuel kilns
• Modern Biomass Energy Technologies (MBTs) Next
  Module
• Conversion of biomass energy to advanced
  fuels/forms namely liquid fuels, gas and
  electricity

TBTs
IBTs
MBTs
5
Why is Biomass Energy Important?
Biomass Supply as of Total Primary Energy Supply
Source IEA, 2004
6
Past and Projected Final Biomass Consumption in
Relation to Total Energy Use, 2002 and 2020
Source IEA, 2004a IEA, 2004c
7
Traditional Biomass

• Includes fuelwood, agricultural residues and
  animal/human waste
• Resources are used inefficiently
• Meets energy needs of significant proportion of
  population particularly rural poor

8
Poverty and Traditional Biomass Use
9
Traditional Biomass

• Benefits
• Readily available
• Low cost
• Does not require processing before use
• In contrast to other renewables, can be stored -
  reduces problem of intermittency
• Significant drawbacks
• Indoor air pollution health problems
• Environmental degradation
• Social burden on women and children

10
Traditional Biomass

• Challenges
• Better data
• Ensuring biomass is sourced from sustainable
  biomass resources
• More rapid substitution with improved modern
  biomass energy technologies and other energy
  alternatives

11
Improved Biomass

• Improved Biomass Energy Technologies
• Improved and efficient technologies for direct
  combustion of biomass such as efficient stoves,
  charcoal kilns and dryers as well as direct
  combustion in boilers (e.g. tea factories
  forest industries)

12
Improved Biomass

• Benefits of Improved Biomass Technologies
• Reduction in heat loss
• Decrease in indoor air pollution -gt reduction in
  respiratory health problems associated with smoke
  emission
• Increased combustion efficiency -gt reduced fuel
  consumption
• Alleviation of burden (women children) of fuel
  collection
• Production dissemination of improved biomass
  technologies create employment and income
  generating opportunities

13
Improved Cooking Heating Stoves

• Mainly used for cooking. Other uses include
  space heating, crop curing and drying
• Costs range from US 2 to U 10
• Are locally assembled and manufactured
• Available in most African countries

14

• A mini survey undertaken in Kenya (Jan 06)
  indicated that improved cookstoves were the most
  commonly used small-scale renewable energy
  technologies among the poor

15
Impact of Improved Cookstoves
16
Improved Charcoal Kenya Ceramic Jiko (KCJ)

• One of the most successful stove projects in
  Africa
• In use in over 50 of urban households in Kenya
  (16 of rural homes) - 2.6 million stoves in use
  in Kenya alone (cumulative production now over 15
  million)
• Made of metal cladding with a wide base and a
  ceramic liner (safer to use - cooler on the
  outside)
• Fully self-sustaining using locally produced
  materials and skills generated jobs new
  enterprises
• Reduces charcoal consumption by 30-50
• KCJ in use in Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Ethiopia,
  Malawi, Sudan, Rwanda, Burundi Senegal
• Being introduced in Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger,
  Ghana and Madagascar

17
Kenya Ceramic Jiko (KCJ) - Lessons Learned

• Think long-term Modest but long-term funding
  Initial donor investment modest - 250,000 but
  provided over a long-period (5 years)
• Work with locals Key players were serious and
  enthusiastic local and regional institutions and
  experts who made long-term commitments
• Involve dynamic informal small enterprise
  sector Heavy involvement of existing informal
  sector and small micro-enterprises in
  manufacture and distribution of KCJ -
  piggy-back approach which reduced dissemination
  marketing costs

18
Kenya Ceramic Jiko (KCJ) - Lessons Learned

• Smart subsidies Implicit subsidy - First set
  expensive stoves were bought by high income
  groups - high margins brought in new producers
  and lowered prices - KCJ now costs US 2.00.
• Be wary of early marketing Limited marketing
  effort - primarily word of mouth. Marketing can
  generate artificial short-term demand (tempting
  for short-term 2 year project)

19
Prospects Improved Biomass

• Significant dissemination of improved biomass
  energy technologies (IBTs) in Africa but
• Potential for wider dissemination of IBTs is vast
  almost every country in Africa has in place an
  improved cookstove programme which could be
  significantly expanded.
• There are examples of successful development of
  improved biofuel stoves in industrialised
  countries - a notable example being Austria which
  led to establishment of new vibrant wood
  pellets industry
• A successful improved biomass program can set the
  stage for a move towards modern biomass options.
  For example, efficient wood-fired boilers in
  forest industries can eventually be used for
  cogeneration.

20
Biomass Use Expanding Use of Improved Biomass
Options Setting Stage for Moving to Modern
Biomass Options
Source IEA, 2004 UNDP, 2003 Jingjing et al,
2001 Lefevre et al, 1997 Coelho et al, 2003
IEA, 2002