TECHNOLOGICAL CAPITAL AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

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TECHNOLOGICAL CAPITAL ANDAGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

• Robert E. Evenson
• Yale University

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TECHNOLOGICAL CAPITAL ANDAGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

• Innovation Capital vs. Imitation Capital
• Objective Measures to Classify
• Technological Capital and Economic Performance
• Growth in TFP
• Cereal Yield
• Fertilizer Consumption
• Value Added Per Worker
• Green Revolution Varieties Adoption

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INNOVATION CAPITAL

• Agricultural Scientists/Cropland
• 1 if .02 or lower
• 2 if .021 to .06
• 3 if .06 or higher
• RD/GDP
• 1 if less than .002
• 2 if between .002 and .006
• 3 if greater than .006

Sum 1970 and 1990
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IMITATION CAPITAL

• Extension Workers/Cropland
• 1 if .2 or lower
• 2 if .21 to .6
• 3 if .6 or higher
• Schooling Males Over 25
• 1 if less than 4 years
• 2 if between 4 and 6 years
• 3 if greater than 6 years

Sum 1970 and 1990
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COUNTRY CLASSIFICATIONSInnovation Class 2 in 1970
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INNOVATION CLASS 3 IN 1970
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INNOVATION CLASS 4 IN 1970
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INNOVATION CLASS 4 IN 1970(contd.)
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INNOVATION CLASS 5 IN 1970
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TFP GROWTH INNOVATION CLASS VS. IMITATION CLASS
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ADOPTION OF GREEN REVOLUTION VARIETIES ()
INNOVATION CLASS VS. IMITATION CLASS
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INDICATORS BY INNOVATION CLASS
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ECONOMIC GROWTH BYINNOVATION CLASS
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ADOPTION OF GM CROPS 2003

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ADOPTION OF GM CROPS 2003

Source ISAAA
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GAINS FROM GM CROPS (Adopting Countries)
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DELAY LOSSES FROM GM CROPS (Adopting Countries)
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ESTIMATED GAINS AND LOSSES FROM GM CROPS BY
REGION
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