LUISS Ph. D. in Political Theory Via Oreste Tommasini, 1, Room 111 Problems of International Organiz

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LUISS Ph. D. in Political TheoryVia Oreste
Tommasini, 1, Room 111Problems of International
OrganizationA cycle of five lecturesProf.
Daniele Archibugi

• Lecture 2
• Democracy in International Organizations
• March 27th 2007, 18-00-20.00

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How should this change International
Organisations?
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The Democratic Criteria in International
Organizations

• Based on a Charter or a formal agreement
• Legal norms
• Publicity of acts
• Principle of equality of the participants
• Decisions taken by adding up preferences (not
  necessarily equality of votes)

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The democratic criteria not applied in
international organisations

• Majority rule
• Actions in the interest of everybody and not just
  of a majority
• Respect of the minorities
• Much greater abuse of the existing legal norms
• Members are states and not individuals

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The democratic schizophrenia

• Democracy is becoming a universal value, which
  Western countries could decide to enforce
  anywhere
• But there is no intention to extend the values of
  democracy also beyond state borders or in
  international organisations

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A Theory of Democracy

• Nonviolence in the public sphere (Popper, Bobbio)
• Popular control on decision-making and
  decision-makers (David Beetham)
• Political equality among citizens in
  participation and on exercising control (David
  Beetham)

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NonviolenceIs it possible to apply the
principle selectively?

• Technically, certainly it is. Democratic states
  have traditionally applied a different way to use
  force within and without the community

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Different methods at home and abroadPericles and
Bush
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How a condition of external treat or of war
endanger a democracy

• Security becomes stronger at expenses of
  transparency and control
• The military power dominates the civilian
• Offensive behaviour against external agents

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Political control is not allowed

• Governments are accountable to their citizens
  only
• Foreign policy is dominated by secrecy, as the
  practice of diplomacy continues to show

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Lack of political equality

• A standard principle of democracy is that all
  persons affected by a decision should have a say
• In a world made by overlapping communities of
  fate (David Held), this is more easy to say than
  to do

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How to export democracy?
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Cosmopolitan Democracyas a political project

• A normative approach to political theory
• David Held, Mary Kaldor, Richard Falk
• Jurgen Habermas, Ulrich Beck
• Andrew Linklater, Tony McGrew and other IR
  normative theorists
• Social Forums, Patomaki Teivenen

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The Enemies of Global Democracy

• Enemies of democracy good to fight against them!
• Other critics by democratic theorists
• ---- Global democracy it is not possible
• ---- Global democracy it is not desirable
• ---- Global democracy it is not needed

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Global democracy is not possible no. 1

• Realist approach to international relations
  stress the role of interests in world politics
  (Zolo, Buzan)
• But how come that democracy has won within
  states?
• Any global democracy will be the outcome of a
  conflict (our understanding informed on agonistic
  democracy)

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Global democracy is not possibleno. 2

• Lack of a global demos (Dahl).
• But the demos has been created in the United
  States. What about the European Union?
• And a political community is not necessarily a
  cultural community.

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Seattle, 1999
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London, 15 February 20032 millions
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Rome, 15 February 20033 millions
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Antarctica, 15 February 2003
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Global Social Movements

• They are not a global demos
• But they are an explicit force that push for
  political change
• Exclusion is high (only a few can afford to
  participate to cosmopolitics), but this is a
  additional reason to generate institutions

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Global democracy is not possibleno. 3

• Kymlicka democratic politics is politics in the
  Vernacular
• Democratic politics is politics in Esperanto
• Democracy is about understanding the reasons of
  others and about acceptance of diversity

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Indian Parliament, Four Official Languages
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European Parliament25 European Languages
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Global democracy is not desirableno. 1

• Fear of domination in internal affairs but are
  political communities independent?
• Fear of concentration of force (Zolo, Chandler)
  isnt force already concentrated?
• To extend democratic institutions globally helps
  to counter-act hegemony

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Even the Security Council is an alternative to
power politics
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Global democracy is not desirableno. 2

• Fear of loosing control in the internal affairs
  by small democratic communities wish high degree
  of self-determination

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Global democracy is not desirableno. 3

• But if multiculturalism can be applied inside
  states, why should it not be applied globally?
• Are political communities independent?

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Global democracy is not needed

• Internal democratisation would solve
  international problems
• ---- The democratic peace hypotheses (Russett)
• --- Universal democracy (Diamond)
• ---- The Law of Peoples (Rawls)
• But
• do democratic states behave democratically in
  international affairs?
• There is something more than war in world politics

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What is the yardstick to assess the foreign
policy of a democratic state?

• Compare it with autocratic states
• Compare it with the rules applied internally

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What is cosmopolitan democracy?

• Multi-layer governance
• Applied differently at different scale-levels
• Nurtured by deliberative democracy
  (stake-holders) and new forms of organised
  interests
• Replaces sovereignty with constitutionalism

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Substantive goals of cosmopolitan democracy

• Limited objectives
• Interstate peace
• Protection of human rights
• Real humanitarian intervention
• Partial re-distribution of income and resources
• In general, concerns survival

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The structure of cosmopolitan democracy
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What does it mean the concept of democracy beyond
the State?

• Nonviolence
• from international peace to internal democracy
• minimisation of organised violence
• development and respect of the rule of law
• Political control
• transparency Bentham, Madison, Kant
• accountability to all stakeholders
• Political equality
• participation of stakeholders
• govern in the interest of all and not of the
  majority (or the group appointing the government)