MVSU_2002_RFIDprimer.ppt

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(No Transcript)
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An RFID Primer by Craig K. Harmon
Mississippi Valley State University 19 November
2002
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Craig K. Harmon President Q.E.D.
SystemsVisit our web sites http//www.qed.org
and http//www.autoid.org

• Standards Development and Data Collection
  Education, Consulting, Systems Design
• Past 2-Term Chairman U.S. TAG to ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC
  31/WG 2 Data Structure
• Chair, ANSI NCITS T6 (Radio Frequency
  Identification) - ANSI NCITS 25699, 01, 03
• Chair, U.S. TAG to ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31/WG 4
  RFID
• Chair, ANSI MH 10/SC 8/WG 4, RFID for Returnable
  Containers
• Chair, ISO TC 122/WG 4 (Shipping Labels) ISO TC
  122/WG 7 (Product Packaging)
• Chair, ISO TC 122/104 JWG - Supply Chain
  Applications of RFID
• Senior Project Editor ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31/WG 4/SG
  3 (RFID - Air Interface - ISO 18000)
• JTC 1/SC 31 Liaison Officer to the International
  Telecommunications Union (ITU-R)
• JTC 1/SC 31 Liaison Officer to the International
  Air Transport Association (IATA)
• JTC 1/SC 31 Liaison to the European
  Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)
• ISO TC 104 (Freight Containers / RFID) Liaison
  Officer to JTC 1/SC 31
• Project Editor, ISO 18185 (Freight Containers -
  eSeals)
• Project Leader, ISO 23389 (Freight Containers -
  Smart Containers)
• Chairman Project Editor, ANSI MH10.8.2 (Data
  Application Identifiers)
• U.S. Expert IEC TC 91 (Packaging of Electronic
  Components)
• Charter member, AIDC 100
• Vocabulary Rapporteur to ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31
• Project Editor, American Trucking Association
  (ATA) ADE Work Group

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What is RFID?

• RFID is an ADC technology that uses
  radio-frequency waves to transfer data between a
  reader and a movable item to identify,
  categorize, track...
• RFID is fast, reliable, and does not require
  physical sight or contact between reader/scanner
  and the tagged item

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What Constitutes an RFID System?

• One or more RF tags
• Two or more antennas
• One or more interrogators
• One or more host computers
• Appropriate software

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Components of an RFID System
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RFID System Components(block diagram)
Reader
Antenna
Asset/Tag
Asset
Firmware
TCP/IP

Host
Power
Application Software
Customers MIS
API
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APPLICATION
INTERROGATOR
RF TAG
Tag Physical Memory
Decoder
AIR INTERFACE
Logical Memory Map
Encoder
DEVICECOMMANDS
COMMANDS
Tag Driver and Mapping Rules
APPLICATIONCOMMANDS
Command / Response Unit
Application Program Interface
APPLICATIONRESPONSES
RESPONSES
DEVICERESPONSES
Logical Memory
Note The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical
Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the
mapping rules in the Tag Driver. All the
information in the Logical Memory is represented
in the Logical Memory Map
PHYSICAL INTERROGATOR
DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR
ISO/IEC 15961
ISO/IEC 18000
ISO/IEC 15962
ISO/IEC 15962 Annexes
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RFID Operation

• Sequence of Communication
• Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands
• Reader and tag communicate via RF signal
• Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon
  request from the host application)
• Carrier signal sent out through the antennas
• Carrier signal hits tag(s)
• Tag receives and modifies carrier signal
• sends back modulated signal (Passive
  Backscatter - FCC and ITU refer to as field
  disturbance device)
• Antennas receive the modulated signal and send
  them to the Reader
• Reader decodes the data
• Results returned to the host application

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RFID Operations
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What is RFID? -- The Tags

• Tags can be read-only or read-write
• Tag memory can be factory or field programmed,
  partitionable, and optionally permanently locked
• Bytes left unlocked can be rewritten over more
  than 100,000 times

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RFID System Basics

• Tag ID Only
• Programmable Database Pointer
• Mission Critical Information
• Portable Database

• Read Only (Factory Programmed)
• WORM - Write Once, Read Many times
• Reprogrammable (Field Programmable)
• Read/Write (In-Use Programmable)

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What is RFID? -- The Tags

• Tags can be attached to almost anything
• pallets or cases of product
• vehicles
• company assets or personnel
• items such as apparel, luggage, laundry
• people, livestock, or pets
• high value electronics such as computers, TVs,
  camcorders

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Are All Tags The Same?

• Basic Types
• Active
• Tag transmits radio signal
• Battery powered memory, radio circuitry
• High Read Range (300 feet)
• Passive
• Tag reflects radio signal from reader
• Reader powered
• Shorter Read Range (4 inches - 15 feet)

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Are All Tags The Same?

• Variations
• Memory
• Size (16 bits - 512 kBytes )
• Read-Only, Read/Write or WORM
• Type EEProm, Antifuse, FeRam
• Arbitration (Anti-collision)
• Ability to read/write one or many tags at a time
• Frequency
• 125KHz - 5.8 GHz
• Physical Dimensions
• Thumbnail to Brick sizes
• Price (0.50 to 250)

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RFID System Basics

• How far?
• How fast?
• How many?
• How much?
• Attached to and surround by what?

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What is RFID? -- The Readers

• Readers (interrogators) can be at a fixed point
  such as
• Entrance/exit
• Point of sale
• Warehouse
• Readers can also be mobile -- tethered,
  hand-held, or wireless

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lt150 kHz (125 kHz 134 kHz )

• Advantages
• Uses normal CMOS processing basic and
  ubiquitous
• Relative freedom from regulatory limitations
• Well suited for applications requiring reading
  small amounts of data at slow speeds and
  minimal distances
• Penetrates materials well (water, tissue, wood,
  aluminum)

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lt150 kHz (125 kHz 134 kHz )

• Disadvantages
• Does not penetrate or transmit around metals
  (iron, steel)
• Handles only small amounts of data
• Slow read speeds
• Large Antennas -- compared to higher frequencies
• Minimal Range

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lt150 kHz (125 kHz 134 kHz )

• Disadvantages
• Tag construction
• is thicker (than 13.56 MHz)
• is more expensive (than 13.56 MHz)
• more complex (requires more turns of the
  induction coil)

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13.56 MHz

• Advantages
• Uses normal CMOS processing--basic and ubiquitous
  
• Well suited for applications requiring reading
  small amounts of data and minimal distances
• Penetrates water/tissue well
• Simpler antenna design (fewer turns of the coil)
  lower costs to build
• Higher data rate (than 125 kHz--but slower than
  higher MHz systems)
• Thinner tag construction (than 125 kHz)
• Popular Smart Card frequency

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13.56 MHz

• Disadvantages
• Government regulated frequency (U.S. versus
  Europe)
• Does not penetrate or transmit around metals
  (unless very thick)
• Large Antennas (compared to higher frequencies)
• Larger tag size than higher frequencies
• Tag construction requires more than one surface
  to complete a circuit
• Reading Range of 0.7 m

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RFID PrimerFrequencies
RFID Toll Roads

• Electromagnetic Field
• Coupling UHF
• gt300 MHz lt3 (lt1) GHz
• (862-928 MHz ANSI MH10.8.4, ISO 18185, B-11
  GTAG)
• (433.92 MHz ISO 18185)

Data Terminal
Cell Phone
1000 MHz
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gt300 MHz lt1GHz

• Advantages
• Effective around metals
• Best available frequency for distances of gt1m
• Tag size smaller than 13.56 MHz
• Smaller antennas
• Range licensed to 20-40' with reasonable sized
  tag (stamp to eraser size)
• Good non-line-of-sight communication (except for
  conductive, "lossy" materials)
• High data rate Large amounts of Data
• Controlled read zone (through antenna
  directionality)

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gt300 MHz lt1GHz

• Disadvantages
• Does not penetrate water/tissue
• Regulatory issues (differences in frequency,
  channels, power, and duty cycle)
• Regulatory issues in Europe (similar band 869
  MHz requires frequency agile chip)

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RFID PrimerFrequencies
RFID Item Management

• Electromagnetic
• Field Coupling
• 2.45 GHz

Microwave EAS
2.45 GHz
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2.45 GHz

• Advantages
• Tag size smaller than inductive or UHF (1"x 1/4")
  
• Range greater range thaninductive w/o battery
• More bandwidth than UHF (more frequencies to
  hop)
• Smaller antennas than UHF or inductive
• High data rate

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2.45 GHz

• Advantages
• Good non-line-of-sight communication (except for
  conductive, "lossy" materials)
• Can store large amounts of Data
• Controlled read zone (through antenna
  directionality)
• Effective around metals with tuning/design
  adaptations

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2.45 GHz

• Disadvantages
• More susceptible to electronic noise than UHF
• Shared spectrum with other technologies--
• microwave ovens, RLANS, TV devices, etc.
• Requires non-interfering, "good neighbor"
  tactics like FHSS
• Competitive requirement single chip--highly
  technical limited number of vendors
• Regulatory approvals still "in process"

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RFID PrimerFrequency

• gt5.8 GHz
• (European Road Telematics Frequency)
• Advantages
• Less congested band/less interference
• Disadvantages
• Not available in U.S. or many other countries
  (5.9 now in FCC review)
• Must orient antennas carefully
• Range limited (due to scaling issues/wavelengths)
• Chip difficult to build
• Expensive

RFID European Tolls
300 GHz
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Spectrum Regulation

• The radio frequency (RF) spectrum is a scarce and
  shared resource, used nationally and
  internationally, and subject to a wide range of
  regulatory oversight. In the U.S., the Federal
  Communications Commission is a key regulatory
  body that allocates spectrum use and resolves
  spectrum conflicts. The International
  Telecommunication Union (ITU) is a specialized
  agency of the United Nations which plays the same
  role internationally.

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Regulations - ITU
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Regulatory Differences

• Usage of channel
• Primary service
• Secondary service
• Cannot interfere with primary service
• Cannot claim protection of interference from
  primary service
• Can claim protection of interference from other
  secondary users
• Industrial, Scientific, Medical (ISM) Bands
• Narrowband or Spread Spectrum
• Power level
• Duty cycle

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Spectrum Regulation

• Not all portions of the spectrum are subject to
  licensing and regulation. Some portions are
  unlicensed. The Industrial, Scientific and
  Medical (ISM) bands available for unlicensed use
  are

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Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)Applications
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Portal Applications
Bill of Lading Material Tracking
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Portal Applications

• Limited number items at forklift speeds
• 8 X 10 doorways
• Electronic receipt dispatch
• Wrong destination alert
• Electronic marking
• Pallet/container item tracking

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Conveyor / Assembly Line
Read / Write Operations Higher Accuracy than Bar
Code
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Conveyor / Assembly Line

• Up to 450 fpm
• 60 items per container
• Inexpensive tunnels
• Longer tunnel more items
• Electronic receipt
• Sorting
• Electronic marking

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Hand Held Application Categories
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Application Examples
Where is it going? Where has it been? Should it
be here?
Where is it? What is it? What is inside the box?
Material Handling Inspecting / Maintaining
Has this been repaired? Is this under
warrantee? Has this been inspected? Is this
complete? What is the assets status or state?
What have I assembled or disassembled? How many
do I have? Do I have enough?
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Shipping Validation
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Intelligent Labels
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The HazMat Label
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HazMat Smart Label

• Low power gt long range
• 1024 bit memory
• Read/write/lock on 8 bits
• Advanced protocol
• Efficient multi-id ? Lock data permanently
• 12 ms/8 byte read ? 25ms/byte write
• Group select ? Broadcast write
• 40 tags/second ? Anti-collision

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Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)Standards
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Standards Organizations
International
International Telecommunications Union (ITU)
(United Nations)
United Postal Union (UPU) (United Nations)
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
International Organization for Standardization
(ISO)
ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC 1)
SC 31 Automatic Data Capture
ITU-T (fka CCITT) Telecommunications
SC 17 IC Cards
TC 122 Packaging
WG 1 - Symbology
ITU-R (fka CCIR IFBR) Radio-frequency Issues
TC 104 Freight Containers
WG 2 - Data Content
WG 3 - Conformance
ITU-D (fka BDT) Telecommunications Development
TC 8 Ships Marine Tech
WG 4 - RFID
Regional
Comité Européen Normalisation Electrotechnique
(CENELEC)
Comité Européen Postal Telegraph (CEPT)
Comité Européen Normalisation (CEN)
ECMA
ODETTE
National
Standards Australia (SAA)
Deutches Institut fur Normung (DIN)
British Standards Institution (BSI)
ANSI
AFNOR
JISC
IEEE
INCITS
MHI
UCC
EIA
AIM
Other
T6
B10
Industry
ATA
CompTIA
EIA
HIBCC
UCC
AIA
Other
VDA
AIAG
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Types of Standards

• ? Technology (Symbology, RFID, I.C. Card)
• ? Data Content (DIs, AIs, Syntax)
• ? Conformance (Print Quality, Test
  Specifications)
• ? Application Standards (Ship Label, Product
  Package)

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The Layers of Logistic Units (Optically Readable
Media)
Layer 5ISO TC 204 (None)AIAG B-15
Movement Vehicle (truck, airplane, ship, train)
Layer 4ISO TC 104 (None)
Container (e.g., 40 foot Sea Container)
Layer 3ISO TC 122/WG 4 (15394)ANSI
MH10.8.1AIAG B-10/14EIA 556-BUCC 6
Layer 2ISO TC 122/WG 4 (15394)ANSI
MH10.8.1AIAG B-10/14EIA 556-BUCC 6/EAN Genl
Spec
Layer 1ISO TC 122/WG 7 (22742) ANSI
MH10.8.6AIAG B-4 (TBD)EIA 621/624 IEC TC 91
UCC 1 /EAN Genl Spec
Layer 0ISO TC 122 (TBD)ANSI MH10.8.7AIAG
B-4EIA SP-3497UCC 1 /EAN Genl Spec
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The Layers of Logistic Units (Radio Frequency
Identification - RFID)
Movement Vehicle (truck, airplane, ship, train)
Container (e.g., 40 foot Sea Container)
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RFID Focused ISO Standards
International Standards Organization (ISO)
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
Technical Committee (TC) 122 (Packaging)
ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC 1) - IT
WG 4 (Transport Labels)
WG 7 (Package Labels)
ISO/IEC JTC 1 Subcommittee 31
Secretariat Uniform Code Council (UCC)
National Body (NB) Technical Advisory Groups (TAG)
WG 1 Data Carrier
WG 2 Data Structure
WG 3 Conformance
WG 4 RF Tags
U.S. TAG Administrator MHI
Convener S. Ackley (US)
Convener E. Boonet (BE)
Convener C. Swindin (UK)
Convener H. Barthel
Shipping Labels
DAI
Code 39
Linear Print Quality
Air Interface
ITF
Data Syntax
2D Print Quality
Unique RF Tag ID
Product Package Marking
License Plate
MaxiCode
Printing Specs
Defs. Logical Mem Map
Data Matrix
Test Specs BC Printers
Application Profiles
Test Specs BC Readers
EAN/U.P.C.
ASN.1 Commands
Test Specs BC Verifiers
Code 128
Dimensions Layout
PDF417
RFID Performance
QR Code
Symbology Recommendations (Linear 2D)
RFID Conformance
Symbology Identifiers
Print Quality Level
Label Materials
License Plate Recommendations
Database / EDI Issues
Technical Committee (TC) 104 (Freight Containers)
Supply Chain Applications of RFID
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AIAG B-11 Tire Tag

• ANSI INCITS 256 (T6) and ISO/IEC 18000, Part 4
  Part 6 compliant
• 902 - 928 MHz for U.S. / 869 MHz for Europe
• 2450 MHz for Japan
• Molded into tire, applied with adhesive, or
  label
• 1024 bits
• ISO 15418/MH10.8.2 Data Identifiers
• Successfully demonstrated in the U.S. the E.U.

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ISO 18185 IMO

• The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is
  a United Nations Treaty organization.
• Maritime Safety Commission (MSC) MSC 75/17/32 (12
  April 2002)
• With all of the above in mind, the United States
  proposes that new regulations for container
  security be added to Chapter XI of SOLAS as
  follows (It should be noted that two options
  are provided for seals, one for a mechanical seal
  and another for an electronic seal, depending
  upon whether or not the ISO 18185 standard for
  electronic seals is adopted in time for the IMO
  conference in December 2002.)
• Option One for electronic seals
• The shipper shall ensure that before a loaded
  container is offered for shipment on board a
  ship, the container is sealed with an electronic
  seal that records the seals unique
  identification number, the container number to
  which it is affixed and the status of the seal.
• Reference is made to ISO Standard 18185, Freight
  Containers - Radio Frequency Communication
  Protocol for Electronic Seal.
• Option Two for mechanical seals
• The shipper shall ensure that before a loaded
  container is offered for shipment on board a
  ship, the container is sealed with a mechanical
  high security seal that is uniquely numbered.
• Reference is made to American Society of Testing
  Materials (ASTM) Standard F832, Classification
  for Security Seals, Level D. NOTE The United
  States is not aware of an ISO mechanical seal
  standard. If one does exist, it should be
  referenced here, in lieu of the ASTM standard.

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Sealing and anti-tamper capability

• Bolt Seal Security Tag
• Electronically secures ocean containers, air
  cargo ULD containers, trailers,
• Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal,
  generates alarm upon bolt removal or breakage
• Re-usable tag
• Reduces manual inspections
• Minimizes theft, loss and tampering

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ISO 23389 (ISO TC 104)

• Smart Container(Supply Chain meets Security)
• ISO 23389 - Freight Containers - Read-Write Radio
  Frequency Identification (RFID)
• Project Approved 18 January 2002
• CD Status by the first quarter of 2003
• Sensor interface (shock/vibration, temperature,
  light)
• Seal communication
• External communication

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MIT AutoID Centerhttp//www.autoidcenter.org/

• Officially began 1 October 1999
• Initially funded by Uniform Code Council, The
  Gillette Company and Procter and Gamble
• Software components
• Object Naming Service (ONS)
• Savant
• Physical Markup Language (PML)
• Air interface protocols
• 860 - 930 MHz
• 13.56 MHz
• Supply chain impact studies
• Field trials

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ePC - How it works
Graphics supplied from MIT AutoID Center
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Object Naming Systems (ONS)
Graphics supplied from MIT AutoID Center
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The 5 Tag

• Predicated on Alien model
• Fluidic Self Assembly (FSA)
• Cost of any RF tag is the bonding of the Antenna
• Does not consider newer techniques (e.g., antenna
  in silicon)
• Does not address I.P.
• While the 500 billionth tag may cost .05, what
  will the 1,000th tag cost
• Where is 5 cost effective
• 1 and 2 and 50 tags are cost effective today

Graphics supplied from MIT AutoID Center
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Instant CheckoutA Dream Come True??
Chip to remove shopping blues Post-Courier,
January 1994
1.5 electronic bar code announced San
Francisco Chronicle
Tiny microchip identifies groceries in
seconds. Chicago Tribune
Checkout in one minute The Times, London
Scanning range of four yards NY Times
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Lads, Dads, Granddads
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Thank You!