Case study 2: Development of urban agriculture Ordinances in Kampala

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Case study 2Development of urban agriculture
Ordinances in Kampala
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Urban agriculture
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Why urban agriculture?

• Been part of Kampalas economy for decades
• Historical perspective
• Structural Adjustment Policies
• Expansion of city boundaries
• Idle land is available
• Used through a number of access mechanisms
• Important for food security and incomes
• Practised by some 30 of households
• Very important for women

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Concerns/myths over urban agriculture

• Health Hazard
• Biological (mosquitoes, zoonoses)
• Chemical (heavy metals Hg, Pb, As)
• Physical car accidents
• Psychosocial Hazard
• Thefts
• Stress (nuisance religious issues)
• Environmental Hazard
• Pollution liquid and solid wastes,
  contamination of water

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Policy environment early-mid1990s

• No specific laws on UA
• Some reference in other laws
• Public Health Act
• Town Country Planning Act
• Reference to stray animals in law order
  ordinances
• Generally did not recognise nor prohibit
• Much legislation outdated (colonial)
• Generally interpreted as not allowed
• Slashing of crops
• Confiscation of livestock
• Extraction of payments
• Little information or extension services available

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Policy environment now

• A set of 5 new Ordinances on urban agriculture
  passed by Kampala City Council in 2005
• Kampala City Urban Agriculture Ordinance (2006)
• Kampala City Livestock and Companion Animal
  Ordinance (2006)
• Kampala City Meat Ordinance (2006)
• Kampala City Fish Ordinance (2006)
• Kampala City Milk Ordinance (2006)
• Supportive of UA whilst laying framework for
  addressing public health and other concerns

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How did this change happen?
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ROA applied in Kampala case study

• Episode Study component central
• Case study Outcome Mapping components deepened
  analysis.
• Literature review commissioned timeline of key
  events
• Interviews with key actors
• Workshop
• Map out behaviour changes of key actors
• Finalise map of key events and influences
• Follow-up interviews and literature search to
  cross-check findings.

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Key events and activities

• Research by Maxwell in early 1990s
• Socio-economic importance nutritional impact
• Ongoing support for urban farmers
• Agricultural Extension Officers
• NGOs incl. Environmental Alert
• International research efforts
• IDRC SIUPA/Urban Harvest
• Collaborative RD activities from 2002
• Evolvement of coalition - KUFSALCC
• Continued farming by urban farmers.

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Key policy and political events

• Decentralisation 1993
• Accountability
• Extension officers within Kampala City Council
• PEAP/PMA - 1997
• Local Government Act 1997
• Review of outdated Ordinances 1999
• stalled in 2001
• Strong political support from Mayor after 2002

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Kampala urban agriculture ordinance timeline -
simplified
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Policy change process 1990 - 1999

• Increasing pressure from farmers continuing to
  practise UA as a livelihood strategy
• Decentralisation
• Closer link between decision-makers and voters
• Effective reporting structures between officers
  and politicians
• Evidence supporting economic importance of UA and
  nutritional benefits
• Activities of Ag officers and NGOs supported UA
• Decision to review all outdated ordinances in
  1999
• Inclusion of laws to deal with UA

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Policy Change Process 2000-2006

• Drafted new ordinances still not favourable for
  UA
• Increased pressure from NGOs for more supportive
  laws, backed up by informal coalition of Ag
  officers, researchers and NGOs
• Increased research evidence addressing technical
  concerns on public health and environment
• Series of national and regional meetings on UA
• Mayor turned from opponent into champion
• Funding for community consultation on new
  ordinances
• Recommendations accepted by KCC and new laws
  agreed.

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The KUFSALCC coalition

• Informal grouping from previous development
  activities
• Formally came together for major collaborative
  RD projects in 2003
• KCC MAAIF Environmental Alert Makerere
  University Urban Harvest

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Key Urban Harvest/KUFSALCC activities

• Initial RD activities- SIUPA / CGIAR
• Continuous communication through all available
  channels
• Within KCC
• NGO field visits
• Formal meetings
• Pressure on KCC to re-review draft Ordinances
• Community consultation process
• Facilitation of passage of Ordinances
• Resource mobilisation

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Lessons Political and economic context

• Political context was important
• Actors (Maxwell to KUFSALCC) understood and
  engaged
• Who are real decision makers, pressure-makers?
• What are the political opportunities?
• Politicians respond to grass roots pressure
• linking evidence to such pressure can be very
  effective
• Local politicians responding to their urban
  farming voters
• Overarching strategies and policies
• PEAP and decentralisation
• Strong political leadership key factor
• Civil society organisations can play key role
• Advocating opening doors linking grassroots to
  policymakers piloting approaches

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Lessons Linkages

• Diverse actors coming together
• Very powerful together
• Different actors bring different capacities
• Exploit formal and informal channels
• Individuals can be critically important
• Champions or blockers
• Know them and use them
• Try to influence or bypass them

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Lessons Evidence

• Evidence played a key role
• Answered policymakers actual concerns and needs
• Socio-economic technical evidence - Why? and
  How?
• Together can produce a broad picture of policy
  solutions
• Communication was crucial
• Targeting of a range of actors
• Different formats for different actors
• Meetings and presentations for technical officers
• Field visits for politicians
• Seeing is believing!
• Internal KCC communication channels important

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