Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial

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Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial

• Ontological Engineering
• Asunción Gómez-Pérez (asun_at_fi.upm.es)
• Mari Carmen Suárez -Figueroa (mcsuarez_at_fi.upm.es)
  
• Boris Villazón (bvilla_at_delicias.dia.fi.upm.es)

Work distributed under the license Creative
Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0
2
Index

• Introduction
• Scenarios in Ontology Building
• Methodological Guidelines for Ontology
  Specification
• Quick Search of Existing Knowledge Resources
• Guidelines for Ontology development project
  Planning
• Methodological Guidelines for Non Ontological
  Resource Reuse and Reengineering
• Methodological Guideliness for Ontology Reuse
• Creating the final Ontology Model

3
I want to build my ontology

• Which are the key process and activities in
  ontology development?
• Which activities do I need in my development?
• When should I carry out each activity?
• Where is the relationship of one activity with
  the others?
• How do I collect the requirements of my ontology?
• Where can I find ontologies with the goal of
  reusing them?
• How can I reuse exiting knowledge resources?
• ...

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Limitations of current methodologies

• Methontology, On-To-Knowledge are for building
  ontologies from scratch
• They lack guidelines for
• building ontologies by reusing and reengineering
  existing knowledge aware resources
• for contextualizing an existing ontology and
  plugging it in with existing ontologies that
  might be in continuous evolution
• Building ontologies in a collaborative way
• software developers that need to include
  ontologies into their IT developments

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New Ontology Development Paradigm

• Whose emphasis is on
• the reuse and reengineering of knowledge aware
  resources
• the collaborative and argumentative ontology
  development
• the building of ontology networks, as opposed to
  custom-building new ontologies from scratch.

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Ontology Networks

• The Semantic Web of the future will be
  characterized by using a very large number of
  ontologies embedded in ontology networks built by
  distributed teams in a collaborative way.

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Index

• Introduction
• Scenarios in Ontology Building
• Methodological Guidelines for Ontology
  Specification
• Quick Search of Existing Knowledge Resources
• Guidelines for Ontology development project
  Planning
• Methodological Guidelines for Non Ontological
  Resource Reuse and Reengineering
• Methodological Guideliness for Ontology Reuse
• Creating the Ontology Model

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Too many activities
..
Ontological Resource Reengineering
WP1
Ontology learning
Restructuring Ontologies
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Building Ontologies Use Case
In our team, we want to build an OWL ontology in
the pharmaceutical domain, but we want to use
several pharmaceutical standards in XML and
classification schemes in our own format.
Non Ontological Resource Reengineering
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Building Ontologies Use Case
In our team, we want to build an OWL ontology in
the fishery domain. We want to base on our
ontologies about species and commodities, and we
want to have the ontology in several natural
languages.
Ontological Resource Reengineering
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NeOn Scenarios
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Scenarios

• Building ontology networks from scratch without
  reusing existing resources.
• Building ontology networks by reusing and
  reengineering non ontological resources.
• Building ontology networks by reusing ontologies
  or ontology modules.
• Building ontology networks by reusing and
  reengineering ontologies or ontology modules.
• Building ontology networks by reusing and merging
  ontology or ontology modules.
• Building ontology networks by reusing, merging
  and reengineering ontologies or ontology modules.
• Building ontology networks by reusing ontology
  design patterns.
• Building ontology networks by restructuring
  ontologies or ontology modules.
• Building ontology networks by localizing
  ontologies or ontology modules.

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NeOn Methodology

• Process and activities covered
• Ontology Specification
• Scheduling
• Non Ontological Resource Reuse
• Non Ontological Resource Reengineering
• Reuse General Ontologies
• Reuse Domain Ontologies
• Reuse Ontology Statements
• Reuse Ontology Design Patterns

• All processes and activities are described with
• A filling card
• A workflow
• Examples

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Helping Job Seekers on their way
EURES ES (Int)
o ES
n ES
p ES
m ES

q ES
Catalonia ES (Es)
l ES

r ES

European Employment Mediators Marketplace
Lombard ES (It)
i ES
h ES
a ES
LEGENDA
Private ES (Int)
Requester ES
b ES
g ES
Responding ES
f ES
c ES
ES not involved
Wallonia ES (Be)
e ES
d ES
Job Seekers Candidacy
Employer Job Vacancy
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Index

• Introduction
• Scenarios in Ontology Building
• Methodological Guidelines for Ontology
  Specification
• Quick Search of Existing Knowledge Resources
• Guidelines for Ontology development project
  Planning
• Methodological Guidelines for Non Ontological
  Resource Reuse and Reengineering
• Methodological Guideliness for Ontology Reuse
• Creating the final Ontology Model

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Ontology Requirements Specification
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Ontology Requirement Specification Document.
Template
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SEEMP Ontology Requirement Specification Document
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Index

• Introduction
• Scenarios in Ontology Building
• Methodological Guidelines for Ontology
  Specification
• Quick Search and Selection of Existing Knowledge
  Resources
• Guidelines for Ontology development project
  Planning
• Methodological Guidelines for Non Ontological
  Resource Reuse and Reengineering
• Methodological Guideliness for Ontology Reuse
• Creating the final Ontology Model

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Searching Resources

• Use the terminology from the ORSD
• Find resources covering the terminology

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Searchingnon ontological resources

• We select the most appropriate standards and
  taxonomies for
• Occupation Classification
• ISCO-88 (COM), SOC, ISCO-88,
• ONET, Eures Taxonomy.
• Classification of Economic Activities
• ISIC Rev. 3.1, NACE Rev. 1.1, NAICS
• Apprenticeship classifications
• ISCED 97, FOET
• Currency Classification
• ISO 4217
• Geography Classification
• ISO 3166, Eures Taxonomy

Language Classification ISO 6392,
CEF Driving License Classification European
Legislation Skill Classification Eures
Taxonomy Contract Types Classification LE
FOREM, Eures and BLL Classification Work
Condition Classification LE FOREM, Eures and
BLL Classification
Is the terminology included in the Ontology
Requirements Specification Document covered by
the resources?
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Selection of Ontologies

• Search ontologies
• Compare ontologies in the same domain using a set
  of criteria
• Assess if the ontologies cover the set of
  competency questions
• Select the best ontology based on
• Coverage of the domain
• Expressivity of the Implementation language

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Searching Ontologies in Watson
Ontology Requirement Specification Document
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The Time Ontology Selection

• Checking which temporal properties are needed for
  answering the CQ
• When the job seeker completed his/her first
  degree?
• Is the job seeker older than 30 years?
• How much time did the job seeker spend completing
  his/her first degree?
• How long is the duration of the contract?
• Which job offers were posted in last 24 hours?

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Index

• Introduction
• Scenarios in Ontology Building
• Methodological Guidelines for Ontology
  Specification
• Quick Search of Existing Knowledge Resources
• Guidelines for Ontology development project
  Planning
• Methodological Guidelines for Non Ontological
  Resource Reuse and Reengineering
• Methodological Guideliness for Ontology Reuse
• Creating the final Ontology Model

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Life Cycle Models and Life Cycles

• An ontology life cycle model is the framework
  (waterfall, evolving prototyping, spiral, etc.),
  selected by each using organization, on which to
  map the activities identified in the ontology
  development process.
• The ontology life cycle is the specific sequence
  of activities that the ontology practitioners
  carry out for developing an ontology.
• There is no a unique life cycle model valid for
  all the ontology development projects

Waterfall
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How software developers and ontology
practitioners select the ontology life cycle
model and the particular ontology life cycle for
developing his/her ontology?
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(No Transcript)
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Index

• Introduction
• Scenarios in Ontology Building
• Methodological Guidelines for Ontology
  Specification
• Quick Search of Existing Knowledge Resources
• Guidelines for Ontology development project
  Planning
• Methodological Guidelines for Non Ontological
  Resource Reuse and Reengineering
• Methodological Guideliness for Ontology Reuse
• Creating the final Ontology Model

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The resource type and its data model influence
the reengineering process
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Types of non ontological resources
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Reengineering resources
EURES Taxonomy (proprietary)
ISCO-88 (COM)
ONET
Oracle DB
MS Access
HTML
Extend
Specialize
Integrate
Prune
Ad hoc wrapper
WSML exporter
Occupation Ontology
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Knowledge Resource Reengineering
Regions Table (Eures Oracle DB)
ISO 3166-1 (XML)
. ltISO_3166-1_Entrygt ltISO_3166-1_Country
_namegtSPAINlt/ISO_3166-1_Country_namegt
ltISO_3166-1_Alpha-2_Code_elementgtESlt/ISO_3166-1_Al
pha-2_Code_elementgt lt/ISO_3166-1_Entrygt
Excerpt of the Geography Ontology
Location
Ontology model
subClass-Of
Country
Region
has region
Spain
Cataluña
Canarias
Ontology instances
Galicia
Andalucía
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Index

• Introduction
• Scenarios in Ontology Building
• Methodological Guidelines for Ontology
  Specification
• Quick Search of Existing Knowledge Resources
• Guidelines for Ontology development project
  Planning
• Methodological Guidelines for Non Ontological
  Resource Reuse and Reengineering
• Methodological Guideliness for Ontology Reuse
• Creating the final Ontology Model

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Ontological Resource Reuse Process

• Ontological Resource Reuse is defined as the
  process of using available ontological resources
  (ontologies, modules, statements) in the solution
  of different problems.

Slide 35
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Detailed descriptions in D5.4.1
Reuse Ontology Statements
Watson plug-in
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Watson NeOn Toolkit plugin

• While building an ontology with the Neon toolkit
• Find descriptions of existing entities in Web
  ontologies
• Integrate these descriptions into the edited
  ontology
• Thus allowing knowledge reuse at the scale of the
  Semantic Web
• In one simple, integrated, and interactive tool

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Index

• Introduction
• Scenarios in Ontology Building
• Methodological Guidelines for Ontology
  Specification
• Quick Search of Existing Knowledge Resources
• Guidelines for Ontology development project
  Planning
• Methodological Guidelines for Non Ontological
  Resource Reuse and Reengineering
• Methodological Guideliness for Ontology Reuse
• Creating the Ontology Model

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Conceptualization Modular approach for ontology
construction
Reusability
Usability
-

Application Domain O. Job Seeker, Job Offer
Domain O. Economic Activity, Occupation,
Education, Skill, Driving License, Compensation,
Labour Regulatory, Competence
General/Common Ontologies Time, Geography,
Language
-

Representation Ontology WSML
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The SEEMP Ontology
ISCO-88 COM
EURES
CEF
ONET
Language Ontology
ISO 6392
Skill Ontology
Occupation Ontology
EURES
EURES
LE FOREM BLL EURES
has job category /
ISO 3166
is associated with
has contract type / is associated to
Geography Ontology
Labour Regulatory Ontology
has language proficiency / belongs to
has job category / Is associated with
subClass-Of
has job category / is associated with
has mother tongue / is mother tongue of
speaks / is spoken by
has work condition / is associated to
has contract type / is associated with
has location / is associated with
Job Offer Ontology
Job Seeker Ontology
has work condition / is associated with
is located in /
has nationality from / is nation of
Competence Ontology
DAML Time Ontology
is associated with
resides in / is residence of
requires competence / is associated with
has salary /
Time Ontology
has date of birth / is date of birth of
is associated to
has salary / is associated with
has education / is education of
ISO 4217
Compensation Ontology
has begin date / is begin date of
has competence / is competence of
FOET
subClass-Of
has activity sector / is associated with
Education Ontology
ISCED97
has activity sector / is associated with
requires education / is associated with
Driving License Ontology
Economic Activity Ontology
has activity sector / is associated with
European Legislation
Ad hoc wrapper
External Sources
NACE Rev. 1.1
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Details of the ontology
has education / is education of
requires education / is associated with
Education
has competence / is competence of
Language Ontology
requires competence / is associated with
Competence
Competence Ontology
has mother language / is mother tongue of
Language
Education Ontology
has work condition / is associated with
Work Condition
Labour Regulatory Ontology
has work condition / is associated to
Job Offer Ontology
speaks / is spoken by
Job Seeker Ontology
has contract type / is associated to
has contract type / is associated with
Contract Type
has compensation / is associated with
has nationality from / is nation of
has location / is location of
Compensation
Job Seeker
Organization
Compensation Ontology
has candidacy/ belongs to
has compensation / is associated to
has job vacancy/ belongs to
resides in / is residence of
Country
Geography Ontology
has work experience / belongs to
Candidacy
Job Vacancy
Location
is located in / is associated with
has objective / belongs to
is associated with / has location
has vacancy/ belongs to
has activity sector / is associated with
has job category /
Offered Work Experience
Requested Work Experience
Sector
is associated with
Objective
Vacancy
is associated with / requires work experience
has activity sector / is associated with
has activity sector / is associated with
subClass-Of
subClass-Of
Economic Activity Ontology
has activity sector / is associated with
has job category
has job category/ is associated with
ICT Objective
Computing Professionals
ICT Vacancy
is associated with
has job category /
has job category/ is associated with
Occupation Ontology
subClass-Of
is associated with
has job category /
Occupation
is associated with
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Conclusions

• The NeOn methodology leads the way to a new
  paradigm for ontology development
• Guidelines are focused on engineering for
  software developers
• Reuse and reengineering of knowledge aware
  resources
• decreases the time spent in ontology development
• eases sharing
• improves quality and consensus because agreement
  was previously reached by domain experts
• There are more enabling technologies that support
  this new paradigm

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Main References
http//www.neon-project.org
D5.3.1. NeOn Development Process and Ontology
Life Cycle
D5.4.1. NeOn Methodology for Building
Contextualized Ontology Networks
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Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial

• Ontological Engineering
• Asunción Gómez-Pérez (asun_at_fi.upm.es)
• Mari Carmen Suárez -Figueroa (mcsuarez_at_fi.upm.es)
  
• Boris Villazón (bvilla_at_delicias.dia.fi.upm.es)

Work distributed under the license Creative
Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0