Dannelly's Short History of Computing

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Dannelly's Short Historyof Computing

• CSCI327 Social Implications of Computing

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In the beginning

• Pascal
• created a calculator in 1652
• able to add and subtract
• A A B

photos from en.wikipedia.org
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Charles Babbage (1791-1871)

• Math Tables Problem
• Difference Engine and Analytical Engines
• Abilities
• add
• subtract
• loop
• conditional branch
• etc
• instructions on punched cards
• data cards and instructions were separated

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Harvard Mark 1

• mechanical
• completed in 1943
• used to compute artillery tables
• instructions on paper tape
• storage 72 registers

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Digital Electronics 101

• circuits are a series of "gates"
• gates can perform AND, OR, NOT, etc
• Example - Half Adder

XOR
AND
Pentium 4 contains 42 million transistors
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First Generation

• based on vacuum tubes
• ENIAC
• 1946 - Univ of Pennsylvania
• base 10, not binary
• programmed via wires
• EDVAC
• based on ENIAC
• program stored in memory
• UNIVAC
• 1951
• first commercial machine

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Rear Admiral Grace Hopper

• 1906 - 1992
• Harvard Mark II
• "bug in the program"
• UNIVAC
• wrote first compiler
• influenced COBOL
• programming languages should be closer to English
  than machine code

http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_hopper
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Second Generation

• based on transistors
• 1955-1964
• FORTRAN and COBOL
• IO Processors
• overlapping the fetch and execute cycles

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Third Generation

• based on Integrated Circuits
• mainframes and minicomputers
• IBM 360
• 1964
• equally suited for business or science
• 3 ALUs - fixed-point, decimal, floating-point
• 16 32-bit general registers
• from 8K to 8M of memory

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Fourth Generation

• based on VLSI
• microcomputers
• IBM PC released in 1981

www.cs.indiana.edu
http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69
/IBM_PC_5150.jpg
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Computers Sold Annually
Units 1000 graph from www.pegasus3d.com/total_s
hare.html
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The Internet

• ARPANET
• started in 1967
• fault tolerant
• packet-switched
• uses TCP/IP
• 1977 - email application
• 1984 - DNS introduced with 1000 nodes
• 1991 - first web server
• 1998 - birth of Google Inc.
• January 2005 - 11.5 billion public web pages
• January 2008 - 153 million top-level domain names

http//www.bsdg.org/Jim/Peer2Peer/Paper/3214_Inter
net.png
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Estimated Internet Traffic
year TB/month 1990 1.0 1991
2.0 1992 4.4 1993 8.3 1994
16.3 1995 ? 1996 1,500 1997 2,500 -
4,000 1998 5,000 - 8,000 1999 10,000 -
16,000 2000 20,000 - 35,000 2001 40,000 -
70,000 2002 80,000 - 140,000
data source www.dtc.umn.edu/odlyzko/doc/itcom.in
ternet.growth.pdf
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Software Development

• 697,000 software engineers and 585,000
  computer programmers in US
• 2000 Annual Sales of Software in US 180
  Billion
• Economic cost of programmer caused bugs 22.2
  Billion

source www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/n02-1
0.htm
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Past Trends and the Future
?
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Next Class...

• Intro to Ethics
• read chapter two
• "morality" / "ethics"
• relativism / utilitarianism