SPAIN DURING THE XX CENTURY

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SPAIN DURING THE XX CENTURY
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1898 GENERATION

• THE XX CENTURY STARTED WITH THE LOSS OF THE LAST
  COLONIES IN AMERICA CUBA AND THE PHILIPINES.
• THIS CREATED GREAT DEPRESSION IN THE COUNTRY, AND
  A NEW GENERATION OF WRITERS APPEARED THE
  REGENERATIONISTS.

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STAGES

• Regime of Alfonso XIII and dictatorship of Primo
  de Rivera (1902-1931)
• Second republic (1931-1936)
• Civil War (1936-1939)
• Francos dictatorship (1939-1975)
• Transition to democracy (1975-1978)
• Democracy Juan Carlos I (1975-)

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Alfonsos XIII Monarchy (1886-1931)
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• Alfonso XIII becomes king because he came off age
  in 1902. He reigned from 1886 (the date of his
  birth) until 1931.
• He was a Traditional Borbon King, from the
  dinasty restored to power after the French
  invasion.

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WORLD WAR I

• SPAIN WAS A NEUTRAL COUNTRY DURING THE WAR.
• IT ENJOYED A PERIOD OF RELATIVE PROSPERITY
  BECAUSE IT EXPORTED MINERAL (COAL, ZINC..) AND
  WEAPONS.

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• SOCIAL UNREST
• -WARS IN MOROCCO MOST PEOPLE DIDNT SUPORT THE
  WAR.
• THIS LED TO THE SO-CALLED TRAGIC WEEK
  CONFRONTATIONS BETWEEN WORKERS AND TROOPS IN
  BARCELONA.
• -SEVERAL WORKERS DIED AND THE SOCIAL UNREST
  INCREASED.

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PRIMO DE RIVERA

• TAKING ADVANTAGE OF THE CHAOTIC SITUATION THE
  GENERAL MIGUEL PRIMO DE RIVERA ORGANIZED A COUP
  D ETAT (1923).
• THE KING CONSENTED TO SAVE HIS THRONE. THIS WOULD
  EVENTUALLY MEAN THE END OF THE MONARCHY IN SPAIN
  FOR A LONG TIME.

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POLITICS

• THE DICTATORSHIP LASTED 7 YEARS.
• PRIMO DE RIVERA SUPPRESSED THE POLITICAL PARTIES
  AND PROCLAIMED HIMSELF DICTATOR, WITH THE SUPPORT
  OF THE ARMY.

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ECONOMY

• ROADS AND RAILWAY INFRASTRUCTURES IMPROVED.
• HE TRIED TO INCREASE THE NUMBER OF INDUSTRIES.
• AFTER A PERIOD OF STABILITY HE LOST THE SUPPORT
  OF THE PEOPLE AND OF HIS MILITAR MATES.

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THE END OF THE MONARCHY

• Primo de Rivera resigned.
• The Local elections of 1931 were won by
  Republican candidates in most cities.
• The King went into exile in order to avoid a
  Civil War.

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THE SECOND REPUBLIC (1931-36)

• A democratic Constitution was elaborated,
  supported by all the intellectuals from the 98
  Generation.
• Political parties were legalized.
• Religious orders were forbidden to teach and The
  Jesuits were expelled from Spain.

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LEFTISH PERIOD (1931-33)

• The first elections were won by republicans and
  socialists.
• Education was one of the main priorities of the
  government.
• Anarchist movements provoked terrible
  confrontations.
• The Catholic church opposed the government.

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CONSERVATIVE PERIOD(1933-35)

• The Centrist/Conservative parties won the
  elections in 1933.
• They wanted to restore the values of the
  monarchic period.
• In 1934 there was a revolution in Asturias the
  miners took the region and the Army was sent to
  the Region.

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THE POPULAR FRONT (1935)

• Socialist, Comunist and republican parties joined
  in the Popular Front and won the elections in
  1935.
• The anarchy in the country was absolute with
  anarchists and fascists killing people in the
  streets.
• The catalan and basque nationalists wanted
  independence.

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THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR

• 1936-1939

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THE TWO SPAINS

• REPUBLICANS supported the Republic and the
  democratic government.
• NATIONALISTS supported General Francisco Franco
  and opposed the Republic.

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FOREIGN SUPPORTERS

• REPUBLICANS the Soviet Union, Mexico, the
  International Socialist Movement and the
  International Brigades. They received weapons and
  volunteers from them.
• NATIONALISTS Germany, Italy, and Catholics and
  anti-communists from different parts of the world.

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Combatant regions in July 1936
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Combatants in February 1939
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MAIN BATTLES

• Badajoz, Irún, Bilbao, Guipúzcoa, Guadalajara,
  Málaga, Mallorca, Mérida, Santander, Madrid and
  Teruel.
• Also in our region, Asturias, there were sieges
  in Oviedo and Gijón.

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END OF THE WAR

• The war ended the 1st April 1939 with the victory
  of the rebels.
• Over 1 million people died, and another million
  was injured.
• Spain was devastated and Franco initiated his
  dictatorship, which lasted until his death in
  1975.

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FRANCOS DICTATORSHIP

• Franco was proclaimed General in Chief and
  Dictator.
• Political parties, Labour Unions and Civil
  Associations were banished.
• The National Movement (a fussion of Fascist and
  Ultratraditionalist parties) was the only
  organization permitted.

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FIRST PERIOD(1939-1950)

• Hundreds of Thousands people were exiled,
  imprissoned or killed by the government.
• Economic autarchy (no relationship con other
  countries except Germany and Italy) prevailled.
• Conditions of life were terrible for the
  population.

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World War II

• Spain remained neutral, after an interview
  between Franco and Hitler, although the rSpanish
  government sympathised with the German/Italian
  axe.
• As a result of this position, Spain would be
  isolated from democratic Europe for decades no
  money from the Marshall Plan got into the country.

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END OF ISOLATION (1950-60)

• International treaties were signed with the USA
  in 1953 Spain would receive money in exchange
  for the presence of American military bases in
  its territory.
• Spain was admitted to the United Nations in 1956.
• Huge migrations from rural areas to cities took
  place.

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ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (60-70)

• Fascist politicians were substituted by
  technocrats.
• Economic Development Plans were carried out.
• The big industries of coal mining and steel in
  Asturias and the Basque Country and textile in
  Catalonia attracted people from the rest of the
  country, especially from the South.

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THE END OF THE REGIME

• The Church, who had always supported Franco,
  started to oppose him after the Vatican II.
• Clandestine Labour Unions and student movements
  were organized.
• Inside the Regime there were people supporting a
  Monarchic restoration.

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TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY (I) (1975-78)

• Franco died in 1975.
• Price Juan Carlos I was crowned King of Spain.
• He appointed Adolfo Suárez, a conservative
  democrat, as first President of the government.
• All political parties were legalised.

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TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY (II) (1975-78)

• All political parties supported the Constitution
  of 1976, which was approved by the Spanish
  citizens.
• The country became a ParliamentaryMonarchy.
• The elections of 1976 were won by the Union of
  Democratic Centre (a centrist party)

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32 YEARS OF DEMOCRACY

• FROM THEN ON, SPAIN HAS BECOME A FULLY DEMOCRATIC
  COUNTRY.
• SOCIALIST AND CONSERVATIVE GOVERNMENTS HAVE
  ALTERNATED IN POWER.
• SPAIN REACHED THE AVERAGE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC LEVEL
  IN 2000.