Nimbus BUV and TOMS Data Substantiate the Atmospheric Ozone Depletion Concerns

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Nimbus BUV and TOMS Data Substantiate the
Atmospheric Ozone Depletion Concerns

• Arlin Krueger
• Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology
• University of Maryland, Baltimore County

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Nimbus BUV and TOMS Data Substantiate the
Atmospheric Ozone Depletion Concerns

• By
• S Ahmad, Z Ahmad, P Anderson, E Beach, D.
  Becker, A Belmont, PK Bhartia, L Bowlin, R
  Browning, D. Burchfield, W. Byerly, E
  Canevari, B Cano, S Carn, R Casey, G Chalef,
  S Chandra, P Collins, M Comberiate, C Cote, S
  Cox, D Cunold, JV Dave, C Davis, M Deland, S
  Doiron, J. Dowser, J Elliot, R Farquhar, A.J.
  Fleig, D. Flittner, L Flynn, M Foreman, J
  Frederick, J Gatlin, P Ginoux, J Gleason, C
  Gordon, D Gordon, A.E. Green, X Gu, B
  Guenther, S. Guenther, R. Hering, D Harrison, U
  Hartmann, DF Heath, BD Henderson, B Herman, J
  Herman, R. Hertel, C Hestor, M Hinman, R
  Hudson, J Hurley, R Ignasiak, W.L. Imhof, G
  Jaross, T Jennings, A Kaveeshwar, K Klenk, R.
  Kobiachi, G. Kobiachi, M. Kobiachi, N
  Koep-Baker, N Krotkov, A Krueger, G Labow, D
  Larko, K Lee, J Leithch, J Leithch, J
  Lienesch, B Lowry, CL Mateer, C McKenzie, R
  McPeters, D. Merrill, T Miles, A J Miller, P.
  Mitzen, B Monosmith, G. Montwell, R Nagatoni,
  P Newman, W Nickum, A Oakes, R Ormsby, N
  Oslik, B Palmer, H Park, V Pavanasaisam, S
  Plageman, N. Preketes, H Press, J Purcell, B
  Raines, S Ray, H Reed, S Reed, H Reid, HB
  Roeder, M. Ruecker, E Rutkowski, R Salikov, S
  Schaefer, B Schlesinger, J Schneider, C
  Schnetzler, M Schoeberl, D Schuster, C Seftor,
  M Shapiro, R Shapiro, R Sipes, J Sisala, P
  Smith, I Sprod, R Stevenson, J Stokes, R
  Stolarski, T Swissler, S Taylor, O Torres, S
  Truong, K Venkatakrishna, L Walters, S Weiland,
  R White, C Wong, J Ziemke
• speaker

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What did we know about ozone before Nimbus BUV
and TOMS?

• Theory Chapman proposed photochemistry of
  oxygen could explain ozone.
• Observations
• Total ozone - Dobson measured latitude and
  seasonal variations suspected meteorology
  produced variability.
• Vertical ozone distribution - balloons showed
  effects of weather rockets supported
  photochemical model.
• Laboratory Chemists said nitrogen radicals
  could destroy ozone in catalytic cycle.
• Chemical rate coefficients too poorly known to
  decide if nitrogen cycle worked in the
  atmosphere.
• Halogens were even better catalysts than nitrogen
  or hydrogen.

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Backscatter UV Origins1970 The Nimbus-4 BUV

• Ozone profile
• First satellite experiments had measured ozone
  profile
• Instrument calibration established from
  coincident rocket soundings
• Total ozone
• Sparse Dobson spectrophotometer network
• Inter-instrument calibration errors large
• CP Cuddapah used Nimbus 3 IRIS data for first
  total ozone from space
• BUV Instrument
• NCAR proposal (1965) Dave and Mateer
• Instrument
• Goddard Space Flight Center
• Heath (Tech. Officer - Krueger)
• Beckman Instruments Henderson, Roeder, Meloy,
  Reid
• Solar diffuser plate for calibration
• Optimized wavelengths
• Total ozone sounding method

G.P. Anderson, et al., Proceedings, Symposium sur
lOzone Atmospherique, 1-7 Sept. 1968, Monaoco,
pp239-243. A.J. Krueger, Proceedings, Symposium
sur lOzone Atmospherique, 1-7 Sept. 1968,
Monaoco, pp225-229.
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BUV data confirmed catalytic cycle in ozone
chemistry
Ozone above 4 mb (37 km) vs day number

• August 1972 solar proton event.
• High energy protons produce nitric oxide in upper
  stratosphere.
• Paul Crutzen predicted decrease of ozone.
• BUV data show 20 decrease.
• Ozone depletion in auroral oval proved catalytic
  cycle was controlling ozone.
• Opened the possibility of catalytic loss of ozone
  by halogens.

Heath, Krueger Crutzen, Science, 1977
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Total ozone from spaceDave and Mateer
Forward model Daves UV multiple-scattering
radiative transfer model Inverse model Mateer
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Total ozone mapping origins1978 The Nimbus-7
TOMS

• Coverage
• Daily global survey
• Avoid missed event issues by observing
• every location
• every day
• Ground resolution
• Limited by 1970s data rate, data storage
• Resolve jet streams
• Identify local ozone perturbations

• Heritage
• Use BUV monochromator
• Use BUV total ozone wavelengths
• Share SBUV diffuser plate for common calibration
• Concept - GSFC
• proposal (1972) Krueger
• Merge with SBUV Heath
• Instrument - Beckman/ Perkin Elmer/Orbital
  Sciences
• Roeder, Lu, Macenka
• Algorithm - STX
• Mateer, Kaveeshwar, Bhartia

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TOMS BUV Global CoverageSurvey vs. Sample
SBUV
TOMS
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Global total ozone maps

• TOMS Missions
• Nimbus-7 11/1/ 1978 - 5/6/1993
• Meteor 3 8/22/1991 - 11/24/1994
• ADEOS 8/17/1996 - 6/28/1997
• Earth Probe 7/15/1996 - present

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Formation of a Kona Low
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Polar ozone depletion

• Environmental concerns overwhelmed meteorological
  research.
• British Antarctic Survey (Farman, et al.,1985)
  pointed out steep decline in 25-year ozone record
  over Halley Bay Dobson station attributed it to
  chlorine from CFCs.
• TOMS found large ozone loss in Antarctic-size
  hole (Bhartia et al, 1986 Stolarski, et al.,
  1986). Dynamic vs chemical cause disputed.
• In-situ data from NASA DC-8 and ER2 aircraft
  found enhanced ClO from heterogeneous reactions
  of ClONO2 and HCl on polar stratospheric clouds.
• Similar ozone losses found in Arctic.

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The Antarctic Ozone Hole
R. McPeters and Scientific Visualization Studio
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Polar ozone depletionAntarctic ozone hole and
the Montreal Protocol

• Images of rapid springtime ozone loss over
  Antarctica each year lent credibility to
  environmental concerns
• Progressive annual deepening produced urgency

Newman, Stolarski, Schoeberl, Krueger.
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Antarctic Ozone Hole
Depth and Area of Ozone Hole measured daily
http//toms.gsfc.nasa.gov/
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Global Ozone TrendsOzone depletion and the
SBUV/TOMS calibrations

• Nimbus-7 TOMS shared SBUV diffuser plate
• Diffuser reflectance and BRDF change with solar
  exposure
• Model-based relative calibrations developed (Pair
  justification, spectral discrimination)
• New TOMS instruments used triple diffuser
  carousel with different exposure times to infer
  degradation

GSFC McPeters, Hollandsworth-Frith, Herman,
Stolarski, Jaross, Seftor
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Impact of BUV TOMS

• Catalytic ozone destruction accepted by
  scientific community (1977).
• Ozone hole images and ozone trends convince
  public of danger of CFCs (1986).
• Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the
  Ozone Layer signed (1987).
• Nobel Prize in chemistry awarded to Crutzen,
  Rowland, and Molina (1995).
• CFC production phased out.

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Beyond total ozone..

• TOMS data products
• Total ozone
• Ground/cloud reflectivity
• Total sulfur dioxide
• Aerosols
• optical depth
• effective radius or single scattering albedo
• Tropospheric ozone
• UVB fluxes

• Applications
• Air chemistry
• Volcanology
• Eruption processes
• Aviation hazards
• Climate change
• dust, smoke
• volcanic ash sulfate
• Weather forecasting
• Model initialization
• Upper air winds
• Biosphere
• Surface UV radiation
• Air quality

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Tracking volcanic sulfur dioxide clouds
Rapid drift of volcanic clouds Difficult air
traffic problem Difficult validation problem
Krueger, Walters, Schnetzler, Bluth, Carn,
Schaefer, Doiron, Sprod
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25 years of SO2 mass from volcanic eruptions
Carn, et al., Volcanic eruption detection by the
TOMS instruments, Geol. Soc. Special Publ., 213,
177-202, 2004
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Absorbing aerosols Smoke, mineral dust, and
volcanic ash

• Aerosols change the wavelength dependence of
  scattered light
• Compare observed and model Rayleigh spectra to
  get aerosol signal
• Low UV reflectivity of soil and water makes
  detection easy over land and ocean

Herman, Torres, Bhartia, Krotkov, Prospero
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Tropospheric column ozone

• Residual between TOMS total ozone and MLS
  stratospheric column
• High Atlantic values due to biomass burning,
  lightning, and Walker circulation

Fishman, Chandra, Ziemke
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The success of TOMS led in unexpected directions.
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Conclusions

• BUV and TOMS surpassed all expectations
• Long life missions due to excellent engineering
  by Beckman Instruments and dedication of GSFC
  satellite operations teams
• Algorithm development, instrument calibration,
  and data processing successful due to GSFC Ozone
  Processing Team
• Broad use of data due to high quality daily
  global census, yet compact datasets
• Impacts on geosciences and environmental controls
  are far reaching

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Ozone Theory

• Sydney Chapman proposed oxygen photochemistry
  driven by solar UV.
• O2 hn --gt O O (1)
• O O2 M --gt O3 M (2)
• O3 hn --gt O O2 (3)
• O3 O --gt 2 O2 (4)
• Chemists knew that nitrogen and hydrogen radicals
  could catalytically destroy ozone in the lab. For
  example, NO can destroy ozone
• NO O3 --gt NO2 O2
• NO2 O --gt NO O2
• Other radicals are H, OH, Cl, or Br.