Questions

1
Questions

• Explain how Valocchi, Traverso, and Haney
  contribute to our understanding experiences of
  the Welfare State. Be sure to provide an example
  for each of their 3 contributions.
• Explain what is meant by a 2-tiered welfare state.

2
Great Depression and Beyond

• Chapter 8
• Institutionalizing the New Deal

3
Stock Market Crash of 1929Industrials Average
(Theoretical) (Symbol __DWI_XD)
4
Stock Market Crash of 1929Industrials Average
(Theoretical) (Symbol __DWI_XD)
5
Stock Market Crash of 1929Industrials Average
(Theoretical) (Symbol __DWI_XD)
6
Stock Market Crash of 1929Industrials Average
(Theoretical) (Symbol __DWI_XD)
7
Historically Situated

• November 1934-November 1936
• Sometimes called the 2nd New Deal
• really quite continuous
• 1935 and 1936 policies were in many ways logical
  sequel to the reforms of previous years

8
The important distinction between this 2nd half
of the new deal and prior
Earlier ND Reforms
2nd Wave ND Reforms

• improvisational,
• focused on rescuing bankrupt local governments
• Attempts to right the economy
• Pump-priming cartoon

• focused on deciding which welfare functions Fed
  gvt should keep on an ongoing basis
• What type of relationship should the Fed Gvt have
  with (organized) labor

9
Riding the Wave

• 1934 Overwhelming Congressional Victory for the
  Democrats (FDR 1933-1945 dies Truman)
• Re-affirmed the approval of FDR and Democratic
  party
• Harry Hopkins

10
Harry Hopkins FDRs Welfare Czar

• Boys, this is our hour. Weve got to get
  everything we want a works program, Social
  Security, wages and hours regulation,
  everything now or never. Put your minds to
  work in developing a complete ticket to provide
  security for all the folks of this country up and
  down and across the board.

• (Source Henry Adams, Harry Hopkins (New York
  Putnam 1977 p.71, reprinted in Jansson 2001194)

11
While many other reformers made themselves heard.

• Huey Long tax the rich to pay for everything
• Fr. Charles Coughlin S.J. - Banking and monetary
  reforms
• Francis Townsend Calif Dentist Pay 200 month to
  all 60, mandate spend in 30 days
• Unskilled Workers Unions

12
While many other reformers made themselves heard.

• Unskilled Workers Unions
• Grew Strong because of
• Inhumane labor practices
• High rates of unemployment among unskilled
• Bloody suppression of strikes at automobile and
  steel plants and coal mines.

13
. A Cadre of New York State Social Workers were
among the Most Influential

• Harry Hopkins
• Frances Perkins
• Mary Abby Van Kleck (will see later with social
  work)
• Anna Eleanor Roosevelt
• First Lady of the Word
• Adopted idea of a living wage
• Championed education as necessary for reform

14
. A Cadre of New York State Social Workers were
among the Most Influential

• Harry Hopkins
• bishop of relief
• 1931 Headed NYs Temporary Emergency Relief
  Administration (TERA) program, 1st program to
  provide relief for unemployed Americans (under
  Gov. FDR)
• 1933 Became Chief Administrator Federal Emergency
  Relief Administration (FERA)

15
. A Cadre of New York State Social Workers were
among the Most Influential

• Frances Perkins
• As NY public official and activist, witnessed and
  was inspired by Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
• Industrial Commissioner's Office in NY
• 1933 U.S. Secretary of Labor (1st female member
  of a presidential cabinet)
• A Chief federal relief administrator
• Chair Committee on Econ Security charged with
  developing Social Security Program SSA 1935 Very
  Comprehensive

16

• Video Clip
• Look for New Yorkers represented.

17
Liberal Pressures

• Emboldened FDR to initiate and support reforms in
  order to
• 1. Keep the support of liberals.
• 2. Prevent the emergence of a radical political
  rival.
• Led to many Progressives of the 1920s finally
  getting the social insurance programs they had
  wanted

18
SSA 1935 Provisions

• 2 Social Insurance Programs and 3 relief programs
  (and some smaller ones)
• Social Insurance
• Old-Age Pensions (Social Security)
• Unemployment Insurance (p.199
• FERA replaced with 3 federal relief programs
• Old Age Assistance/OAA
• Aid to the Blind/AB
• Aid to Dependent Children/ADC
• The 1st permanent major federal relief programs.
  
• States received matching or formula funds from
  the federal gvt.

19
SSA 1935 Provisions

• all other destitute single non-elderly persons
  and families with 2 parents- returned to
  state/local funded general assistance programs.

20
Conservative and SC Resistance

• Conservative Southern Democrats
• Middle Class growing resentment of programs
  sapping initiative of individuals
• Conservative Supreme Court Declared
  Unconstitutional
• 1935 Natl Industrial Recovery Act (NRA)p.185
• 1936 Agricultural Adjustment Agency (AAA)
• Plus 12 other anti- New Deal rulings

21
NYS Regents 2002
22
The Wave Would Crash

• wave lasted through 1936 and 37 when suffered 2
  political defeats
• 1. Failed in support for packing the courts,
• 2. Failed to Purge southern conservative
  democrats,
• slowed the momentum, no longer seen as invincible
  and futile to challenge

23
Broken Momentum

• Stalemate
• But was able to reclaim fair working conditions
  (overturned with the NRA ruling) in the form of
  the 1938 Fair Labor Standards Act.

24
Social Work

• Mary Abby Van Kleck
• Criticized the New Deal for failing to address
  problems of economic and political structure in
  the US
• Argued that Economic and political structure in
  the US would have to be transformed if poverty
  was to be prevented and standard of living for
  all Americans raised.
• Ie. Argued the New Deal Maintained the Status Quo

25
Social Work

• Controversy in Burgeoning Field of Social Work
• Work in the System or
• Casework as a science
• Individual focus
• Social Work Co-opted? Part of the Establishment?
• Against the system (radical)
• Activist role
• Structural focus

26

• Beyond this slide, FYI

27
Outgroups

• African Americans
• Valocchi
• Wednesdays Video on Harlem and Redlining
• Mary McLeod Bethune (on Website)
• Humanitarian, civil rights activist, teacher, on
  the class web-site
• Promoted education within African American
  community.
• 1936 FDRs director of National Youth
  Administrations (NYA) Division of Negro Affairs

28
Outgroups

• Women
• Sexual freedom, but no policy gains
• Cult of Domesticity (supermom) wmn give up jobs
  to men
• Family wage controversy
• Elanor R. legislation to protect women from some
  jobs yet, could also limit wk opportunities
• Gender segregated occupations (clerk and
  secretary) also opened up jobs for women in
  federal labor market and bureaucracies

29
Outgroups

• Latinos
• 1930s Field workers irrigating farms in
  southwest
• Farm wkrs no Soc Sec or UI (droughts)
• Not covered under federal 1936 Wagner Act
  providing for collective bargaining rights
• When Unemployed Latinos sought welfare, many
  repatriated to Mexico

30
Outgroups

• Asians
• 1924 Immigration Act severely limited
• 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act
• Asians not allowed to own land in many places due
  to state legislation
• Either lease, find anglo to put name on deed,
• Small businsess

31
NYS Regents 2002
32
http//www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USARfera.htm
Federal Emergency Relief Act passed by Congress
in May, 1933
33
The 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Fire is a
gruesome Illustration of such poor conditions.
Source April Roberts Presentation Slides
34

• A total of 146 women died in less than fifteen
• Minutes
• Most of them were young Italian and Jewish
• Immigrants between the ages of 13 and 23.
• Some of the women tried to escape the burning
  building by using the fire escape, unfortunately
  the fire escape drop ladder had never been
  installed.
• The combined weight of the women forced the
• Fire escape to tear away from the building

Source April Roberts Presentation Slides
35
Source April Roberts Presentation Slides
36
Desperate many women leaped out of the widows,
While others stayed at their sewing machines.
Source April Roberts Presentation Slides
37
National Industrial Recovery ActNRA

• Gathered business leaders together to agree on
  prices and thus avoid price slashing.

38
Agricultural Adjustment Agency

• Convened producers of the same crop to negotiate
  the amounts of acreage they would grow, and then
  reimbursed farmers for not planting on some of
  their land