Organic Molecules by Mrs. Specht

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Organic Moleculesby Mrs. Specht

• Molecules that are important
• to cells!

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Biomolecules the building blocks of living
cellsa. Carbohydratesb. Lipidsc.
Proteinsd. Nucleic Acids
Organic Molecular Structure of Living Systems
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These biomolecules or organic molecules are
polymers.

• Most are macromolecules
• Macro means large
• A polymer consists of many identical subunits
  connected together

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How are polymers made?

• They are formed by a process called condensation
  where units are linked and a water molecule is
  removed.

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How are polymers broken down?

• They are broken down by adding a water molecule
  through a process called hydrolysis.

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What are the major groups of biomolecules
(organic molecules) again?

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic acids

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1st Biomolecule Group Carbohydrates

• Cellular fuel food
• Are made by plants during photosynthesis
• Are broken down during cellular respiration by
  most organisms including plants
• Made of subunits called monosaccharides
• Lets look at the groups of carbohydrates..

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1. Monosaccharides

• Mono means single
• Sacchar means sugar
• Are the primary cellular fuel
• Glucose is the most common C6H12O6
• Fructose is another example fruit sugar

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Molecular structure of various forms of glucose.
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2. Disaccharides

• Di means two
• Sacchar means sugar
• Made of 2 monosaccharides joined together
• Examples
• Maltose in beer
• Lactose in milk
• Sucrose table sugar
• Contains double the energy of a monosaccharide

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Comparison of the 3 categories of carbohydrates
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3. Polysaccharides

• These are macromolecules that have a few hundred
  or thousands of monosaccharides linked together
• They store a lot of energy and also provide
  structural support for cells
• Examples
• Starches potatoes, wheat, corn, rice, fruits of
  grasses
• Glycogen animal starch stored in muscles and
  livers of vertebrates
• Cellulose plant fiber in cell walls the
  fiber in our diet
• Chitin in exoskeletons of invertebrates

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2nd Biomolecule Group - LIPIDS

• A diverse group of organic molecules that are
  insoluble in water (nonpolar) and will only
  dissolve in nonpolar solvents like chloroform and
  benzene
• Made of glycerol and fatty acids
• 3 groups
• Fats
• Phospholipids
• Steroids

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fats.

• Stores energy (actually stores 2x the energy as
  polysaccharides like starches)
• Cushions vital organs in animals
• Insulates against heat loss
• Two types
• Saturated fat no double bonds between carbon
  atoms, solid at room temp, mostly animal fats
  bacon, butter, lard
• Unsaturated fats one or more double bonds
  between carbon atoms, liquid at room temp, most
  plant fats corn oil, olive oil

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No double bonds between the carbons Solid at room
temperature
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One or more double bonds between carbons Liquid
at room temperature
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phospholipids..

• Major part of cell membranes
• a phospholipid bilayer

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steroids

• Cholesterol is an important steroid in the cell
  membrane provides strength
• Some develop into to vertebrate sex hormones

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3rd Biomolecule Group - Proteins

• Proteins are either structural or functional
• Structural ones build and repair cells
• Functional ones are enzymes and actually control
  processes in cells
• They are polymers (macromolecules) of amino acids
  arranged in specific sequences and linked
  together by peptide bonds.
• smaller ones are known as polypeptides
• Make up 50 of the dry weight of the cell

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• They are very folded and coiled.
• The function of the protein depends on the
  structure of the protein

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Proteins are very important to cells and us!

• Provides support materials in cells (like actin
  that makes up muscle cells)
• stores amino acids (used to build and repair
  cells)
• Some transport other substances (like hemoglobin
  which carries oxygen in the blood)
• Some are signals (like many hormones which are
  chemical messengers that respond to certain
  stimuli)
• Make up muscles for movement
• Some provide defense (like antibodies)
• Many control chemical reactions (like enzymes)

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4th Biomolecule Group Nucleic Acids

• Two types - DNA and RNA
• These store and transmit hereditary information
• Made of chains of nucleotides which are made of a
  sugar, a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group
• The sequence of the bases in the DNA or RNA
  determines the type of protein that is made

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Bases in DNA and RNA

• DNA
• Adenine
• Guanine
• Cytosine
• Thymine

• RNA
• Adenine
• Guanine
• Cytosine
• Uracil

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Comparing DNA and RNA

• DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid the plans
  for the actual proteins
• Remember proteins are used to build cells and
  control processes in cells (enzymes)
• RNA stands for ribonucleic acid it is a copy of
  the DNA used for transferring a copy of the DNA
  to the ribosomes where the proteins are actually
  made

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Comparing DNA and RNA

• DNA is a double helix- a twisted ladder
• RNA is a single helix one side
• DNA contains the bases Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine
  and Thymine
• RNA contains the bases Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine
  and Uracil
• DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose
• RNA contains the sugar ribose

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