Title: Technical Processes for PALMM Collections
1Technical Processes for PALMM Collections
- Lessons Learned from the Everglades Digital
Library, Milemarkers, Miami Metropolitan
Archive Projects
2Presented by
- Megan Waters
- Florida International University Libraries
- University Park
- Miami, FL 33199
- watersm_at_fiu.edu
3Introduction Context
- The examples brought forth in this presentation
stem from digitization efforts using government
and other documents at Florida International
University--a large, public, urban university
library in Miami, FL. FIU actively collaborates
on digital library projects with the 10 public
university libraries in Florida as well as other
federal, state, and local government agencies to
bring essential information to citizens via the
Internet.
4Current Projects
- Everglades Digital Library
- http//everglades.fiu.edu/library/
- Miami Metropolitan Archive
- http//miami.fiu.edu
- Milemarkers Linking Keys History
- http//image8.fcla.edu/cgi/i/image/image-idx
5Technical Support
- Like our OPAC, all FIU digital library
collections are supported by the Florida Center
for Library Automation (FCLA). Digital library
image files may be archived, stored, and
delivered by FCLA servers in Gainesville, FL or
housed locally at FIU. - All digital copies are hyperlinked to MARC
records maintained by FCLA using PURL technology. - The decision to store files locally or archive
them centrally is up to each State of Florida
university library based on local staff and
funding levels.
6Summary
- FIU digital projects are collaborative in nature
- Most technical support is centralized in the
State University System of Florida - Digital copies are hyperlinked to MARC records
(856) for optimal searching using the
university system union catalog
7Creating Image Files to Fit Your Content
- Image file formats depend on their intended use
- Quick delivery via the Internet?
- Long-term storage for years to come?
- Images that preserve the look and feel of the
original copy? - Images that look great when printed?
- Digital images that do new, digital things?
- A little bit of everything?
8My Suggestion Create Archival Copies You Can
Store for Later Derive Into Other Things
- Archival copies are image files that are
well-documented, non-proprietary, uncompressed,
and at a high enough resolution that you can use
them again and again to derive and display a
digital document.
9Creating Archival TIFFs
- FIU creates archival image files in Tagged Image
File Format (TIFF) according to State standards
for long-term storage in FCLAs Digital Archive
(http//www.fcla.edu/digitalArchive/index.htm).
10Considerations
- Archival TIFF images can become large and
expensive depending on - RESOLUTION -- is the ability to distinguish fine
spatial detail as expressed in dots-per-inch
(dpi) or pixels-per-inch (ppi) - PIXEL DIMENSIONS horizontal vertical
measurements of a digital image as expressed in
pixels. - BIT DEPTH number of bits used to define each
pixel - Bitonal images respresent 2 tones (black/white),
hence they are 2-bit - Greyscale images range from 2 to 8 bits or more
- Color images are represented by 8 to 24 bits per
pixel or more - DYNAMIC RANGE range of tonal difference between
the lightest light and darkest dark of an image.
11File Size (DPI)
- File Size is calculated by multiplying the
surface area of a document (height x width) to be
scanned by the bit depth and the dpi2. - File Size (height x width x bit depth x dpi2) /
8
12File Size (PPI)
- If the pixel dimensions are given for a source
document, multiply them by each other and the bit
depth to determine the number of bits in an image
file. - File Size (pixel dimensions x bit depth) / 8
- Such a source document might emanate from a
digital camera or other born-digital device.
13Scanning TIFF Files
- No single method of scanning is recommended. Any
method appropriate to the source document and the
intended uses of the electronic image may be
acceptable. Compliance with the principals and
recommendations of Moving Theory into Practice
Digital Imaging for Libraries and Archives (Anne
R. Kenney and Oya Y. Rieger Mountain View, CA
Research Libraries Group, 2000) and Cornell
University's Digital Imaging Tutorial are highly
recommended.
14PALMM Project TIFF File Specifications
- File Format ITU TIFF(Tagged Image File Format)
Reference http//home.earthlink.net/ritter/tiff
/Â - Encoding 6.0 (ITU T.6)Specification TIFF 6.0
Specification (PDF file version) - Compression Uncompressed
- Bit-depth Appropriate to the source document and
for intended uses (e.g., facsimile reproduction) - DPI Appropriate to the source document and for
intended uses (e.g., high resolution printing,
optical character recognition, etc.) - Scale /Â Image Dimensions Scan scaled to 100 of
source document dimensions - Color SpacesRGB
- Scanning software calibrated to standard RGB
palate
15Creating Derivatives
- Derivate image files for PALMM projects are
created from TIFF image files for delivery on the
World Wide Web. - Derivative files such as GIFs and JPEGs compress
images making them download more quickly and
easily. - Some image quality is lost during file
compression - Current technology restricts us to mostly 800 by
600 pixel computer screen areas for most users
and 8 bit (256 tones) color depth.
16PALMM Project Derivative Specifications JPEG
- File Format JPEG (Joint Photographic Expert
Group)Specification ISO 10918-1/2Reference
http//www.jpeg.org/public/jpeghomepage.htm - Encoding Standard
- Compression Minimum (highest image quality),Not
greater than 15 (image quality not less than 85
of source file) - Bit-depth Same as source file
- DPI Same as source fileMitigation of scaling
may require down-sampling or Gaussian blur.Â
These processes require skill and experience. - Image Dimensions Width 630 pixels Height
variableMaintain original image aspect
ratioNote PALMM currently provides an area 630
pixels wide for document image display. Wider
images will scroll horizontally. Horizontal
scroll, generally, should be avoided for
documents with portrait orientation - InterpolationResample
17Resources on Derivatives
- RLG DigiNews contains various features on file
formats and compression techniques. Use the
browse option to find articles, highlighted Web
sites, and other information, http//www.rlg.org/p
reserv/diginews/browse.html. - Technical Advisory Service for Images, New
Digital Image File Formats, http//www.tasi.ac.uk/
advice/creating/newfile.html - Designing Web Graphics 4 by Lynda Weinman,
http//www.lynda.com/books/dwg4/
18Scanners Scanning
- Your choice of a flatbed scanner will depend on
your current technological staff and funding
levels - Make sure any scanner you purchase
- Captures 256 or 8-bits of color as well as b w
- Is long and wide enough for most of your
materials
19Scanning Software
- You will need
- High-powered PC (RAM especially)
- Software to calibrate scanner, screen, and
printer so wysiwyg! - Kodak
- MonacoEZcolor
- Software to manipulate images
- Adobe Photoshop or ImageReady
20Scanning Extras
- Image files can take up a lot of room on just
one, lone PC. For this reason, you may need - Server space for temporary storage (several
Gigabytes) - CD-ROMs or other media for off-site storage
21Centralized Workflow
22Centralized Workflow Continued . . .
23Process Specifics Everglades Digital Library
Collections
- Mostly local rather than centralized storage
model - html and Adobe Acrobat PDF files
- small file sizes use less space
- quick web delivery for dial-up connections
- Easy to update maintain in the short-term
- No archival copies (TIFFs) for long-term use
24EDL Example
25Process Specifics Miami Metropolitan Archive
- Collaborative project to archive local government
documents of historic value - Page images reflect look and feel of originals
- Centralized technological support (FCLA)/local
scanning using flatbed scanners and Kodak CD
technology
26MMA Homepage
27MMA Catalog Search
28MMA MARC Records
29MMA Digital Copy Delivery (JPEG)
30MMA Digital Copy Delivery (PDF)
31Milemarkers Linking Keys History
- Another collaborative archival project with
Monroe County Public Library System/Key West
Public Library and FCLA - Photographic collections only
- Photos are scanned in Key West, cataloged at FIU
- FCLA offers scaleable/zoomable file delivery
format for this particular, 1- page media
32Milemarkers Digital Copy Browsing (JPEG Thumbnail)
33Milemarkers Digital Copy Delivery (SID)