Television

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Television
First National TV set that came off the assembly
line.
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Early Days Radio Communication and operators
enhanced development.

• 1884-Paul Gottlieb Nipkow(Germany) Invented the
  scanning device that sent short distance pictures
  mechanically.
• 1922-Philo T. Farnsworth(US) Developed the
  electronic scanning system.
• 1929- Vlasimir Zworykin(American, Russian born)
  Invented the
• Iconoscope First TV camera tube
• Kinescope First TV picture tube
• -Demonstrated the first practical TV System.

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Important Milestones
-
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Late 1920s-1930s- BBC- British Broadcasting
Corporation CBS- Columbia Broadcasting
System NBC- National Broadcasting Company
- World War II economic problems caused Britain
to abandon experiments causing US to jump
ahead. - When the US entered the war (1941) TV
broadcasting was suspended until 1945.
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1936- RCA- owned NBC- Installed TV in 150 homes
in New York City and began experimental telecast
to these homes- Felix the cat.1939- Regular
broadcast in US started After the War- New York
resumed broadcasting-Boston-Washington1951-
Broadcasts were coast to coast People had to get
a TV!
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• Milton Berle- first big TV star- Texaco Star
  Theater (1948-1953)
• Lucille Ball- 1951
• Westerns-Gunsmoke-Have Gun, Will Travel
• Ed Sullivan
• Quiz Shows-(1959-scandal)
• Special Events- Kefauoer hearings (1951)

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1953-Color TV 1954- Army-McCarthy hearings
coddling communists 1960s-Kennedy Nixon
debates Vietnam War, Civil Rights 1970s-
Watergate- Miniseries-Roots 1980s- Contra
Hearings- Ollie North
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1990s- OJ Simpson Trial Reality TV 2000s-
September 11th Second Gulf War
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The Television System

• The Facts
• 97 of Americans own at least one TV.
• The average TV viewer watches at least 7 hours of
  TV a day.
• Children start actively consuming TV by the age
  of 2.
• The average 16 year old watches more TV than time
  spent in school.
• More women watch TV then men.
• The highly educated watch less TV.
• Add it up6-8 years are spent in front of the TV.

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• US TV stations are privately owned, other
  countries are owned and or controlled by their
  governments. (BBC)
• Deregulation of the TV industry. (Reagan years)
• Licensed by the FCC to serve public interest
• Operate at frequency levels of
  
• VHF- Very High Frequency (Channels 2-13)
• UHF- Ultra High Frequency (Channels 14)
• 24 Billion a year industry for advertising.
• 60 of homes have 2 or more TVs.

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Does TV teach?
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• I) Commercial Stations sell air space to
  advertisers to pay for operating costs and profit
  (ads rule quantity vs. quality)
• II) Public Television (Non-commercial)
• Supported by government funding
• Public memberships and donations
• Private-corporate donations
• Variety of programming (PBS)
• Focus on cultural and educational
• Few commercials- Primarily sponsorships

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• III. Cable (Subscription)
• Variety of programming limited to channel
  capacity of TV or head-end station
• Often uses local national programming via
  satellite
• Started w/ premise that it would have limited
  commercials

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• Basic Cable basic channels for a monthly
  subscription price in advance. Offered more
  programming than commercial stations. In the
  early years there were less commercials.
• Select Channel Cable subscribers pay basic plus
  additional channel. (HBO, Showtime, Pay Per View,
  Cinemax, etc)
• Super Station-Home Satellite Independent
  stations who are linked to satellite for minimal
  costs to subscribers. Ted Turner (TNT) Rupert
  Murdock (FOX)
• Public Access FCC regulates cable by maintaining
  that a channel be dedicated to serving the
  public. Allows public to speak on air about
  issues and create local programming.

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The Impact of Violence on TV

• Big statistical research groups concerned w/
  anti-social effects on TV audiences since 1930s.
  Looking at all medias.
• Direct Imitation- assumption children see and
  then do
• - research shows only a contributing factor
• within a larger context
• - background, education, personality
• 1974 NBC movie Born for Innocence, Rape scene,
  California girl sued, won 11 million.

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• Generalized Effects More widespread, becomes
  pervasive
• 16yr. Florida boy murders, robs an elderly
  neighbor
• Case was rejected, prompted Surgeon General
  scientific committee on TV and Social Behavior to
  see if TV has adverse effects.
• Perception of Reality expectations of pain not
  true to reality
• - violence in programs create anxiety in
  viewers because they perceive the world in terms
  of TV experiences.
• - expectations of being victim
• Desensitization desensitized to fictional
  violence
• TV depicts violence unrealistically-viewer
  remains indifferent. Do not see real pain, or
  agony, or blood.

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Can TV depict the reality of violence?
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TV Guide Survey on Violence

• 18 hour period- 6am-midnight180 hours
• 10 channels- ABC,CBS,NBC,FOX,USA,WTBS,MTV, HBO.
• Findings
• Cartoons- 471 scenes
• Promos for TV shows- 265 scenes
• Movies- 221 scenes
• Toy Commercials- 188 scenes
• Music Videos-123 scenes
• Ads for theatre films-121 scenes
• TV Dramas- 69 scenes
• News- 62 scenes
• Reality Shows (Top Cops, Hard Copy)-58 scenes
• Sitcoms-52 scenes
• Soap Operas- 34 scenes

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Audience Rating Business the battle for prime
time dominance

• Two major rating firms
• 1.Arbitron
• -covers mostly radio market, some TV
• -Local radio, 4 times a year,2 in Fall and Spring
• -uses electronic meter and index diary
• 2.A.C. Nielsen Largest rating firm in the world.
• -covers large and small TV markets
• -4 times a year, smaller TV
• -7 times a year, larger TV spread
• throughout the year

Arthur Charles Nielsen
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• (Continued)
• Local Ratings
• -Data is collected in short spurts known as
  Sweep weeks
• Advantages determines advertising rates, good
  reference for national sample
• Disadvantages creates popularity contest, best
  of bad lot.

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Tubelessness

• 1970s
• Experiment conducted in Germany
• 184 volunteers were paid to give up TV for one
  year
• Report on that they did
• 1.Spent more time with children
• 2.Went to movies more
• 3.read-played more games
• 4. Visited with friends relatives more

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• Continued
• But within a few weeks
• 1 dropped by three weeks
• No one lasted five months
• Why?
• Tension, fighting, quarreling increased when TV
  disappeared.
• Habitual viewers use it to combat stress (rest)
• Psychologists said it covers up problems instead
  of working them out.
• The End!!!!!