Chap 1. Biomechanics as an Interdiscipline

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Chap 1.Biomechanics as an Interdiscipline
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1. INTRODUCTION

• Biomechanics Interdisciplinary study
• Orthopaedic surgeons, athletic coaches, rehab
  engineers, therapists, kinesiologists,
  prosthetists, psychiatrists, orthotists, sports
  equipment designers etc.
• Kinesiology
• Psychology, exercise physiology, biomechanics

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1.1 Measurement, Description, Analysis and
Assessment
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1.1.1 Measurement, Description, and Monitoring

• Earlier biomechanical studies
• Visual inspection
• Pen recorder curves,
• plots of body coordinates,
• stick diagrams,
• simple outcome measures
• gait velocity, load lifted, height of a jump
• Movie camera

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1.1.2 Analysis

• Calibration, removal of noise and artifacts
• Mathematical operation
• EMG
• Raw data envelope
• Full-wave rectification
• Low-pass filter
• Link-segment model with kinematic, anthropometric
  and kinetic data
• Inverse dynamics to find joint force and moment

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1.1.3 Assessment and Interpretation

• Positive or negative decision

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1.2 BIOMECHANICS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH
PHYSIOLOGY AND ANATOMY

• Interaction with other areas of movement science
• Neurophysiology, exercise physiology, anatomy

Neuromuscular system
Release of metabolic energy
Tension at the tendon

• Physiologic characteristic of muscle
• (rested or fatigued)
• In the presence of passive anatomical structures
• (ligaments, articulating surfaces, skeletal
  structures

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Neuromusculoskeletal Integration

• sensory system
• neurological pathways
• muscles
• skeletal system
• the link-segment model

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Neuromusculoskeletal Integration

• a-motoneuron
• ? Final common pathway
• Synapse on the motor end point of muscle motor
  unit
• ? Summation of all twitches from all active motor
  units at the level of tendon
• Neural recruitment of motor units based on the
  size principle
• The resultant tension is a temporal superposition
  of twitches of all active motor units by the
  length-velocity characteristics of the muscle
• ?Musculoskeletal integration
• ?Intersegmental integration (synergy)
• Support moment

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1.3 SCOPE OF THE TEXTBOOK

• KINEMATICS
• KINETICS
• ANTHROPOMETRY
• MUSCLE MECHANICS
• ELECTROMYOGRAPHY