Chapter TwentyOne

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Chapter Twenty-One

• Middle Adulthood
• Cognitive Development

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Multidimensional Intelligence Not One, But Many

• Intelligence defined as general intelligence has
  been thought to be a single quality
• It has been determined to be more useful to look
  at several distinct intellectual capacities in
  adulthood

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• Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence
• Fluid intelligence
• flexible reasoning used to draw inferences and
  understand relations between concepts
• quick and creative with words, numbers and
  intellectual puzzles
• What comes next? BDACZBYA 456345623456

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• Crystallized intelligence
• accumulation of facts, information and knowledge
  that comes with education and experiences within
  a particular culture
• What word is associated with bathtubs, weddings
  and prizefighting?
• What would you do with a mango?

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• Sternbergs Three Forms of Intelligence
• Analytic
• Mental processes that foster efficient learning,
  remembering and thinking
• Planning, strategy selection, attention and
  information processing
• Creative Intelligence
• Involves capacity to be intellectually flexible
  and innovative in new situations
• Divergent diverse, innovative and unusual
  solutions

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• Practical Intelligence
• Involves capacity to adapt ones behavior to the
  contextual demands of a given situation
• Includes accurate grasp of expectation and needs
  of people involved and an awareness of skills
  needed

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• Gardners Eight Intelligences
• Historically, intelligence thought of as a single
  ability
• Gardner, et al, helped to change
• Linguistic
• Logical-mathematical
• Musical
• Spatial
• Body-kinesthetic
• Naturalistic
• Social understanding (interpersonal)
• Self-Understanding (intrapersonal)

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Multidirectional Intelligence Not Just Increase
or Decrease

• Multidirectional
• can follow different trajectories with age (short
  term, long term)
• Interindividual Variation ? some individuals
  decline, while others are just as capable as when
  they were young

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Contextual Intelligence Where You Are and Where
You Were

• Each individual is unique and has unique
  experiences
• Variations of Life Experiences
• Education level
• Income
• Health
• Personality
• Marital Status
• Cohort Effect

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Plastic Intellectual Change

• Suggests intelligence can be molded in many ways
• Abilities can be enhanced or diminished dependent
  upon how, when and why a person uses them.. Use
  it or lose it theory
• New discoveries that the brain may change as new
  cells grow

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• Cognition as Expertise
• Expertise Is...
• Specialized competence in activities that are
  meaningful- work or leisure related
• Someone who is significantly better at a task ?
  often through experience and knowledge
• Intuitive
• Rely on accumulated experiences
• Automatic
• Elements of performance are automatic
• Strategic
• Better strategies and more of them
• Flexible

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• Expertise and Age
• Motivation is crucial to development
• Novices rely on formal procedures and rules to
  guide them
• Experts rely more on their accumulated experience
  and the circumstance of the immediate context and
  they are more intuitive and less stereotyped in
  performance
• Does not always overcome effects of age
• Speed of response

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