KINE 3490 Class 3

1
KINE 3490 Class 3

• Policy Development
• Ethics and Doping in Sport

2
Review

• The Board of Directors of an incorporated,
  not-for-profit sport organization
• Is entitled to wages for their work
• Is elected by the membership
• Is composed entirely of old people

3
Review

• The Board of Directors of an incorporated,
  not-for-profit sport organization is always
• the governance level of the organization
• the management level of the organization
• the basement level of the organization

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(No Transcript)
5
Review

• According to Stats Can there are 33,649
  not-for-profit sport and recreation organizations
  in Canada. What percentage of these have paid
  employees?
• 100 of them
• About 36 of them
• About 27 of them

6
Review

• The Canadian Sport Policy was created by
• The Federal government
• National Sport Organizations
• The Federal and Provincial/Territorial
  governments
• The Jai-alai Players Union

7
Review

• The Canadian Sport Policy influences
  Canadas sport organizations because
• It was written by smart people
• National and Provincial/Territorial Sport
  Organizations get a lot of funding from
  government, so organizations go along with
  government direction
• Sport Canada approves the Boards of Directors of
  National and Provincial/Territorial Sport
  Organizations, and they pick people that will go
  along with government direction

8
Review

• There are comparatively few National and
  Provincial/Territorial Sport Organization, and
  thousands of community-level organizations. It is
  the National/Provincial/
• Territorial organizations that get government
  funding. Explain, then, how the Canadian Sport
  Policy is able to influence Canadas community
  sport organizations?

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Todays class

• Ethical issues in sport
• How public policy has developed to respond to
  ethical issues (especially doping)
• The Canadian Anti-Doping Strategy
• Differences between not-for-profit and private,
  for-profit sport responses to the doping issue

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List the ethical issues in sport

• Use of performance- enhancing drugs

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Ethical issues in sport
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In-class activity!

• Please line up in order of birth-date, with
  January birthdays on the right, to December
  birthdays on the left.

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Birth date effect - Effet de date de naissance
14
A brief history of the Canadian Anti-Doping
Strategy and related sport-ethical initiatives
and organizations
15
1959

• Prince Philip decries the state of fitness in
  Canada
• Diefenbaker attends Pan Am Games in Chicago -
  impressed with games, but not with Canadas
  performance
• Canada performs poorly in World Cup Hockey

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1961

• Bill C-131 Fitness and Amateur Sport Act enacted
  to encourage both fitness and amateur sport
  development

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Canadian Sport Early 1970s

• Establishment of university programs for physical
  education and research
• Hockey Canada formed
• National Sport and Recreation Centre
• ParticipACTION
• Coaching Association of Canada
• National Sport Organizations (e.g. Tennis Canada,
  Swim Canada) followed by formation of provincial
  associations over next ten years

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Provincial/Territorial Governments

• pre-1961
• provincial Govts not involved in the provision
  of programs or services
• post-1961
• more direct programming involvement
• infrastructure developed
• post-1995
• some devolution of programs and services

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1988

• Ben Johnson wins 100m sprint at Seoul Olympics
  he is stripped of gold medal 3 days later due to
  positive doping test (steroids).

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1988-90

• Commission of Inquiry Into the Use of Drugs and
  Banned Practices Intended to Increase Athletic
  Performance created by Fed Govt.
• Ontario Appeal Court Chief Justice Charles Dubin
  appointed to conduct inquiry.
• Dubin criticizes the testing policies and
  procedures of both the federal government and
  amateur sports associations in his report,
  released in June 1990.

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The 1990s

• Canadian Policy Against Doping in Sport (1991).
• Canadian Centre for Drug-Free Sport (92)
• Fair Play Canada merges with CCDS to form
  Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sport (1995)
• World Anti-Doping Agency (1999)

22
The 2000s

• London Declaration by F/P/T Ministers (2001).
• Creation of True Sport Secretariat (supported by
  CCES) to work on ethical issues in Canadian sport
  (2004)
• Multiple programs developed by various
  organizations Respect in Sport, Speak Out!,
  Making it SafeR, MARS, Just Play

23
World anti-doping history

• 1950s and 60s rumors of doping at Olympics
  death of cyclist T Simpson (67)
• 1968 first Olympic doping test/positive
• 70s-80s East Germany methodically uses
  steroids on hundreds of unwitting athletes
• 98-07 Tour de France repeated scandals
• 1999 WADA formed
• 2004 World Anti-Doping Code harmonization of
  national efforts updated 09

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The Canadian Policy Against Doping in Sport
(2004)- analysis

• What is the policy context for the CPADS?
• What are the specific issues? (See Purpose)
• What powers and responsibilities does the Federal
  government have?
• What power/responsibilities do P/T governments
  have?
• How does the CPADS apply to sport organizations?
  (By what power?)
• How does the CPADS apply to individuals?
• What is the role of CCES?
• Who monitors the CPADS?
• Who has authority to revise the CPADS?

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The Canadian Policy Against Doping in Sport (2004)

• What could happen if Canada did not have a CPADS
  (or version of it)?
• Why does the CPADS not apply to professional
  sport organizations? Could it?

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Professional Sport
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Anti-doping in Pro sport?

• Jurisdiction collective bargaining agreement or
  players association (NHL, NBA)
• NFL introduced policy in 1993
• MLB introduced policy in 2002
• NHL testing introduced 2006
• CFL No policy in place

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Anti-doping in Pro sport?

• Penalties for first offence
• Olympics/WADA/CPADS 2 year ban
• NFL 4 games suspension without pay
• MLB 10 days without pay (steroids) 50 games as
  of 2006
• NBA 5 game suspension/education program
  (steroids)
• NHL 20 game suspension without pay
• L. Elaine Halchin. Anti-Doping Policies The
  Olympics and Selected Professional Sports.
  Congressional Research Service Library of
  Congress April 29, 2005.

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What accounts for the significant difference
between amateur and professional sport?

• Profit motives
• Players unions
• Policy leverage
• Govt has direct funding leverage over amateur
  sport but little leverage over pro sport

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The Differences in Policy Development between the
Private and the Public Sector (1)
Public Sector (governments, not-for-profit, crown
corps)
Private Sector (corporations, partnerships)

• Policy development function (core function of
  government)

• Strategic planning function (core function of
  business)

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The Differences in Policy Development between the
Private and the Public Sector (2)
Public Sector (governments, not-for-profit, crown
corps)
Private Sector (corporations, partnerships)

• Policy issues/ objectives broader, more variable
  (e.g. the functioning of the economy, social
  welfare, education )

• Policy issues/ objectives have to do with
  positioning the business in the marketplace (e.g.
  revenue targets, new product development, ticket
  sales)

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The Differences in Policy Development between the
Private and the Public Sector (3)
Public Sector (governments, not-for-profit, crown
corps)
Private Sector (corporations, partnerships)

• Fewer reliable reference points (cant always
  measure success of policy implementation

• More reliable reference points (can measure the
  extent to which revenue targets have been reached
  )

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The Differences in Policy Development between the
Private and the Public Sector (4)
Public Sector (governments, not-for-profit, crown
corps)
Private Sector (corporations, partnerships)

• Many stakeholders involved in process (policies
  could effect the country, the province or a city)

• Fewer stakeholders involved (policies will effect
  one company or organization

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The Differences in Policy Development between the
Private and the Public Sector (5)
Public Sector (governments, not-for-profit, crown
corps)
Private Sector (corporations, partnerships)

• More time consuming (much consultation during
  process and often many levels of decision-makers
  )

• Less time consuming (fewer stakeholders with whom
  to consult and fewer decision making levels )

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The Differences in Policy Development between the
Private and the Public Sector (6)
Public Sector (governments, not-for-profit, crown
corps)
Private Sector (corporations, partnerships)

• Policy may take the form of a lengthy document or
  a policy statement

• Policies tend to be brief (less subject to
  scrutiny by the general public)
• Often not in written form

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Bigger, Faster, Stronger?
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"Professional sport is part of the entertainment
industry and not subject to the values of amateur
sport. Professional athletes are adults who earn
their living through sport. It is their right as
consenting adults to participate in doping, if
they understand and agree to the potential harm
it may cause them." Agree or disagree?
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Policy Development Cycle
CONTEXT STRATEGY
EVALUATION
DEFINE ISSUE
DECISION IMPLEMENTATION
ANALYSIS OPTIONS
CONSULTATION
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The Policy Alternatives Project Process

• Form group (5 or 6)
• Discuss policy interests and organizational
  contacts
• Identify top 3 choices
• Approach organization contact(s) and interview
  them re policy needs
• Identify and agree policy problem and objectives
  for new or revised policy

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Steps in Policy Alternatives Project
(cont )

• Obtain cooperation of contact and get pertinent
  documentation
• Do research (review existing documentation, do
  interviews if necessary)
• Brainstorm policy alternatives (at least 4-5)
• Test alternatives with representatives from 3
  different stakeholder groups (3 people)

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Steps in Policy Alternatives Project
(cont )

• Based on research, select best case policy
  alternatives (3) describe
• Identify the strengths and limitations of each
  alternative
• Make policy recommendation with rationale

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For next week

• Policy Analysis Paper Due 230 pm
• A Community Perspective Who gets to use public
  space?
• Guest speaker
• Reading Opening the Doors Hums MacLean (Chap.
  6) Harmonized Permit Alloc.Policy
• Bring any newspaper articles re sport policy