Ancient Greece

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AncientGreece

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Ancient Greece

• Mountainous peninsula about the size of Louisiana
• Many mountains caused small communities to
  develop different ways of life
• Greece had many ports, inlets, and islands
• Greeks became seafarers.Sailed into Aegean,
  Black, and Mediterranean Seas
• Greeks made contact with outside world and
  spreaded colonies and trade throughout Med. Sea

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Minoan Civilization

• Established on Crete in 2800 b.c
• Known as the bronze civilization because they
  made weapons out of bronze
• Thrived on rich trading culture centered around
  Knossoscenter of far-ranging sea empire
• Ships sailed to Egypt and islands of southern
  Greece
• Palace of Knossos was elaborateenormous private
  living rooms for family, workshops, and large
  bathrooms
• Named after King Minos King of Crete, by
  acrchaeologist Arthur Evans

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Minoan Palace of Knossos
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Minoan Civilization

• Civilization on Crete suffered a major
  catastrophe around 1450 b.c.
• Two theories 1. Tidal wave caused by a volcano
  wiped them out. 2. Invasion by Myceneans
  destroyed them

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Minoan Mural Shows Bull Leaping
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Myceneans

• Mycenae First greek city-state, fortified site
  in Greece
• Made up of an alliance of powerful monarchies
  that lived within fortified walls
• Remaining population lived outside the walls in
  scattered locations
• Had a warrior culture, displayed in the writings
  of Homer
• Agamemnon plundered the city of Troy
• Developed a commercial network

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Myceneans

• Myceneans states began to have wars with each
  other and earthquakes damaged the civilization
• It collapsed around 1100 bc after new waves of
  invaders moved into Greece from the north

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Greek Dark Ages

• From 1100 to 750 b.c., few records exist
• Population and food production fell
• Iron replaced bronze improving weaponry and
  farming
• Greeks adopted Phoenician alphabet which made
  reading and writing simpler
• Homer wrote the Illiad and Odyssey near the end
  of the Dark Ages epic poem, tells of a great
  heros deeds that had been passed down through
  generations

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Greek Dark Ages

• Illiad took place during Trojan war,Trojan prince
  kidnaps Helen, the wife of the King of Sparta,
  Mycenaean Greeks lay siege on city of Troy for
  ten years, finally taking the city with famous
  Trojan Horse
• Odyssey story of Oddysseus ten year return to
  his home

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Homer
Trojan War
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Beware of Greeks Bearing Gifts
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Mycenae Lions Gate
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Mycenaean Citadel Ruins and Tomb
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Miniature Husky
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Greek City-States

• Polis (city-state) was the central focus of Greek
  life town city, village that was political,
  economic, social, and religious center of society
• Acropolis main gathering place usually on a
  hill
• Polis community of people who shared common
  goals
• Classes of people 1. Citizens with political
  rights (adult males) 2. Citizens without
  political rights (women and children) 3.
  Non-citizens (slaves)

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Parthenon on the Acropolis
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Spartan Agora
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Greek City-States

• Fierce loyalty to the states led to distrust of
  other states
• City-states independence and loyalty led to wars
  and eventual downfall of Greece
• Hoplites new military system/carried a shield,
  sword and spear
• Hoplites fought shoulder to shoulder in a
  powerful military force called phalanx
• Creation of a new wealthy class led to the rise
  of tyrants who achieved power by force from
  ruling aristocrats

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Greek City-States

• Creation of a new wealthy class led to the rise
  of tyrants who achieved power by force from
  ruling aristocrats
• Peasants supported tyrants due to oppression from
  aristocrats
• Tyrants kept power by using hired soldiers
• Tyrants built walls and temples to glorify cities
• Tyrants eventually lost power because their rule
  contradicted with Greek Ideals
• Democracies grew due to new classes participating
  in government

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Sparta

• Military state, lives of Spartans were strictly
  disciplined and rigidly controlled
• Boys received military education, entered army at
  the age of 20, lived in barracks until 30
• Spartans could marry at 20, vote at 30, but must
  stay in military until 60
• Spartan women lived at home while husbands lived
  in barracks
• Women were expected to stay fit, bear and raise
  children

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Temple of Artemis Spartan Boys Were Flogged on
the Steps
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Purpose
Effects
Age group / activity
Training restricted the size of the homoioi
population. Spartan males lacked skill in most 
areas. They were largely illiterate. They were
restricted in outlook. Spartans were never able
to govern their conquests adequately
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Sparta

• Two kings led the oligarchy government
• Council of Elders decided on important decision
  the assembly would vote on
• C of E 2 kings, 28 men over 60 years
• Ephors 5 men who were responsible for youth
  education and citizen conduct
• Sparta closed themselves from the rest of the
  world
• Only the art of war mattered to the Spartans

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Athens

• King originally ruled Athens, eventually ruled by
  oligarchy of Aristocrats
• Aristocrats owned the best life and controlled
  political life
• By the end of the 7th century b.c. had serious
  economic and political problems
• Many Athenian farmers were sold into slavery due
  to nonpayment of their debts
• At one time 1/3 of all people were slaves
• Solon reformist leader who cancelled debts but
  did not give land to the poor which led to
  internal strife

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Patron Goddess Of Athens

Athena
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Athens

• Pisistratus seized power, helped merchants and
  gave the poor land/Athenians revolted against his
  son and ended his tyranny
• Cleisthenes was appointed by Athenians
• Cliesthenes created council of 500 to propose
  laws, supervise treasury, foreign affairs
• Assembly had final vote to pass laws
• Cleisthenes reforms led to foundation of Athenian
  democracy

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• Greek Tyrants
• Solon
• Pisistratus
• Cleisthenes

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Athenian Assembly
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Eight Crazy Nights are on the way
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Persia-Greeks

• Ionian cities revolted against Persians 499bc
• Darius, Persian ruler was angered and sought
  revenge
• 490 bc Outnumbered Athenians defeated the
  Persians at battle of Marathon
• Xerxes replaced Darius after he died and vowed
  revenge
• Athenians built a Navy to defend themselves
• Xerxes invaded with massive army
• Greeks held off for 2 days at Thermopylae until
  traitor showed them pass to outflank Greeks

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Darius I
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Persia-Greeks

• Athenians abandoned the city but regrouped and
  formed their largest army and defeated the
  Persians
• Army became known as Delian League

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Athenian Empire

• 461-429 bc
• Under Athenian leadership, the league expelled
  Persians from all Greek city-states
• Pericles prime figure in Athens politics
• Pericles turned Athens into a direct democracy,
  people participated directly through mass
  meetings, every male citizen could vote in the
  general assembly
• Pericles made lower class citizens eligible for
  public office

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Pericles Makes Athens More Democratic, But
Dictatorial
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Great Peloponnesian War

• Greek world had become divided between Athens and
  Sparta
• War broke due to series of disputes
• Athens planned to win by staying behind its walls
• Spartans surrounded Athens and hoped they would
  come out and fight
• Pericles knew they could not beat Spartans
• In 430 bc plague broke out in Athens 1/3 of
  people were killed, but Athenians fought for 27
  more years
• Athens was defeated in 405 bc
• War weakened the Greek city-states

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GREAT PELOPPONESIAN WAR
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Greek Religion

• Religion affected all aspects of Greek life
• Religious temples were main buildings
• Homer described the deities
• Olympics gods 12 most important gods that lived
  on Mount Olympus
• Zeus chief god.Athena goddess of wisdom
  crafts.Apollo was the god of sun and
  poetry.Aphrodite goddess of love..Poseidon
  god of the sea, Zeuss brother

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Zeus In a Bad Mood
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Greek Religion

• Religion did not have a doctrine nor was it
  focused on morality
• It was focused on making the deities look
  favorably on people
• Olympics began as religious festivals to honor
  the gods, first Olympics held in 776 bc to honor
  Zeus

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Greek Drama

• Athenian Greeks created western Drama
• Original Greek Dramas were called tragedies,
  presented in trilogies around a common theme
• Tragedies examined themes such as nature vs.
  evil, rights of individual, role of gods, nature
  of human beings
• Greek comedy developed later, criticized
  society to invoke a reaction

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Greek Drama
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Greek Amphitheater
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Macedonian Threat

• Greeks viewed Macedonians as barbarians, north
  neighbors
• Macedonians were rural people who did not live in
  city-states
• Became powerful kingdom by the end of the 5th
  century
• Phillip II became king of Macedonia, admired
  Greek culture and wanted to unite all of Greece
  under Macedonian rule
• Macedonian crushed an army of Greek city-states
  at the Battle of Chaeronea

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Philip II
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Macedonian Threat

• Phillip II tried to get Greek city-states to form
  a league under control to conquer Persia, but was
  assassinated before he could reach his goal

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Alexander the Great

• Was Phillip IIs son
• Became King at age 20
• Educated by Greek philosopher Aristotle
• Considered Greeks and non-Greeks to be equals
• Envisioned a world in which mixed cultures would
  live together
• Married two Persian princesses and encouraged his
  generals to marry Persian princesses
• Trained in military techniques and leadership by
  his father

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The Faces Of Alexander The Great
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Alexander the Great

• Seeked to fulfill his fathers dream of
  conquering Persia
• Wanted revenge for Persians burning Athens
• Wanted glory and his own empire
• By 331 b.c. Alexander had conquered Persia and
  established city of Alexandria in Egypt
• 327 b.c. had moved through Pakistan and northern
  India, Soldiers became tired and refused to move
  on
• Alexander returned home
• 323 b.c. Alexander died in Babylon exhausted
  from wounds, fever, and alcohol abuse

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Alexander the Great

• Alexander tried to model himself after Achilles,
  hero of the Trojan war, his example inspired men
  to follow him

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Aristotles Syllogism
If a b, And b c, Then a c.
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Platos Republic
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Aeschylus
Author of Oresteia
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Euripides
Author of The Trojan Women
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Sophocles
Scene from Oedipus Rex
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Socrates
Know Thyself
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Eratosthenes Calculated The Circumference of The
Earth
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Aristarchus Said The Sun Was The Center Of the
Universe.

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Archimedes Invented The Pulley and Lever And
Discovered the Principle of Buoyancy
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Euclid The Father of Geometry